





HlSTORy-OF 

Georgia 

C.H.5MITH 



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SIR JAMES OGLETHORPE. 



A 

SCHOOL HISTORY 

OF 

GEORGIA 



GEORGIA AS A COLONY AND A STATE 

1733-1893 



CHARLES H. SMITH 

(UILL art) 




BOSTOxN, U.S.A. 

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 

1893 



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Copyright, 1893, 
By CHARLES H. SMITH. 



Al.r. RIGHTS RESERVED. 




PREFACE 



In comparison with most of the states which composed 
the original thirteen, Georgia has not a great deal of history, 
being the youngest tree that was planted by more than half a 
century. But that history is very interesting and should be 
made familiar to the young people, whether they be children 
of the state by nativity or adoption. 

This little book is not intended to embrace all of that 
history in its many details, but is merely an abridgment 
compiled from larger and more comprehensive works. It 
begins with Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony, and comes 
down through many changes, many disasters and successes 
to the present hopeful and prosperous condition. 
- To this compilation have been added a few chapters con- 
cerning slavery, its origin, continuance and abolition. Also 
concerning the causes that provoked the late unhappy war 
and the results that followed in its wake. These historic 
readings contain the facts of the case — facts that have been 
established but have not heretofore been published in any 
book of history. The author regards these readings as 
especially important to the young people whose fathers and 
grandfathers fought in that war — fought for something they 
believed to be right. 

The Appendix will be found valuable to teachers and pupils 
and to every family for ready reference, and will save much 



IV PREFACE. 

time in investigating important statistics relating to the 
state. 

The author makes no apology for faults of omission or 
commission but commends this unpretending volume to the 
good will and charity of all Georgians. 

CHAS. H. SMITH. 



CONTENTS. 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Chapter. Page. 

I. Oglethorpe i 

II. Original Grant and its Changes 4 

III. Oglethorpe's Charter 5 

IV. Earliest Settlements 7 

V. Progress of the Colony ii 

VI. Spanish Invasion 15 

VII. Administration of Stephens 18 

VIII. Trustees Surrender the Charter 20 

IX. Administration of Reynolds 22 

X. Administration of Ellis 25 

XI. Administration of Wright 29 

XII. Georgia in the Revolutionary War 32 

XIII. Revolutionary War 36 

XIV. Revolutionary War — continued 40 

XV. Yazoo Fraud 45 

XVI. Great Seal of State adopted 48 

XVII. War of 1812 52 

XVIII. Administrations of Clark, Troup, and Gilmer 54 

XIX. Administrations of Lumpkin, Schley, and Gilmer. ... 58 

XX. Mexican War 62 

XXI. Administrations of Cobb and Johnson 68 

XXII. Administration of Brown 72 

XXIII. War between the States 78 

XXIV. War between the States — continued 83 

XXV. War between the States — continued 87 



VI CONTENTS. 

Chapter. Pac-.h;. 

XXVI. Close ok the War hp:t\veen the States 89 

XXVII. Reconstruction 92 

XXVIII. Administration of Jenkins 94 

XXIX. Administration of Bullock .98 

XXX. Administration of Smith 104 

XXXI. Administration of Colquitt 107 

XXXII. Administration of McDaniel iii 



HISTORICAL READINGS. 

XXXIII. The African Slave Trade — its Origin and 

Growth 1 17 

XXXIV. The Condition of the Negro as a Slave 125 

XXXV. Why Georgia withdrew from the Union 129 

XXXVI. The Common People and the Aristocracy 136 

XXXVII. The Common People and the Aristocracy — 

CONTINUED 13S 

XXXVIII. The Literature of Georgia 142 

XXXIX. Condition of the State 147 

Appendix 155 



LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. 



I. Sir James Oglethorpe Frontispiece. 

II. Robert Toombs Page 64 

III. Joseph E. Brown " 74 

IV. Alexander H. Stephens =' 81 

V. Charles J. Jenkins , 93 

VI. John B. Gordon . , . , '' 99 

VII. The New Capitou " 109 

VIII. William J. Northen " 113 

IX. Charles F. Crisp . " 131 

X. Hoke Smith " 143 



LIST OF MAPS. 



Georgia at the Present Time Inside first cover 

Georgia : The Original Grant . . . . , 4 

Georgia in 1763 .^ 6 

Georgia since 1820 . . 8 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



CHAPTER I. 

OGLETHORPE. 

1. The history of a state is chiefly a biography of its notable 
people. The colonial history of Georgia is in great part the 
work of General James Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony. 
An outline of his illustrious life is worthy of the first place in 
this book, and this chapter will be devoted to him. 

2. He was the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and was 
born near London, England, in 1688, and died at Cranham 
Hall in 1785. He lived through the reigns of George I., H. 
and HI., kings of •England, and such was the purity, philan- 
thropy and nobility of his character that he excited the envy of 
none, but gained the admiration of all. His patriotism was 
above any personal ambition, above party, faction and intrigue, 
and his life-work was the love of his country and her unfortunate 
people. Such was his extraordinary ability as a soldier and a 
statesman that he easily attained the highest place. In 1714 
he was a captain in the Queen's Guards. In 1722 he was 
elected to a seat in Parliament and remained a member for 
thirty years. In 1740 he was the colonel of a regiment. In 
1745 he was appointed a major-general, in 1747 a lieutenant- 
general, and in 1760, when he was seventy-two years old, he 
was made general of all His Majesty's forces. Such was his 
vigor in old age, and so erect was he and so commanding in 
appearance, that in his eighty-seventh year he was urged to take 



2 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

command of the English forces in the War of the Revolution. 
He declined, because the king refused to give him full authority 
to do justice to the colonies and make peace with them. 

3. Sir William Howe was placed in command. When peace 
was made and Mr. Adams was sent to England as the repre- 
sentative of the United States, Oglethorpe was the first to 
receive and congratulate him. In 1784, when eighty years of 
age, Hannah More wrote of him : " I have got a new admirer. 
It is General Oglethorpe, the most remarkable man of his time. 
He is much above ninety, and the finest figure you ever saw. 
His literature is great, his knowledge of the world extensive 
and his faculties as bright as ever. He is quite a chevalier — 
heroic, romantic and full of old gallantry." Thomson, Pope 
and Dr. Johnson paid tribute to Oglethorpe's noble character 
and his public services. 

4. In 1728, while a member of Parliament, he v/as, at his 
own request, made chairman of the committee for inquiring into 
the state of the jails and their inmates. He visited the dark 
and pestilential dungeons of the prisons, which at that time 
disgraced the government. The law of imprisonment for 
debt was then in force, and hundreds of unfortunate debtors 
were found there languishing in a life of helpless misery. Some 
were confined for political reasons, some from motives of 
revenge, and many as a means of forcing their friends or rela- 
tives to pay the debt. Oglethorpe was untiring in his efforts 
to better their condition, to rescue them from despair and to 
inspire them with hope. He succeeded most happily, not only 
with those confined for debt, but with many who were charged 
with crimes of which they were not guilty. 

5. His great work of prison reform was so effectual that it 
made him beloved and admired all over England. Forty years 
afterward, when prison discipline had again lapsed into brutality, 
his example inspired John Howard, High Sheriff of Bedford, 
who had charge of the very jail in which John Bunyan was 



OGLETHORPE. 3 

imprisoned for twelve years, and where he wrote his " Pilgrim's 
Progress." After reforming the jails of England, Howard 
spent ten years of his life in travelling over Europe and visiting 
its prisons, and his presence was hailed with joy and thank- 
fulness by thousands whom he released and restored to their 
families, or whose condition he otherwise ameliorated. Burke 
compared him to Oglethorpe and said : " He has dived into 
the depths of dungeons, plunged into the infections of hospitals, 
surveyed the mansions of sorrow, pain and misery. He has 
remembered those who were forgotten, visited the forsaken and 
relieved the distresses of men in all countries." 

6. It would have been a grateful tribute from our people if 
the colony that Oglethorpe planted had been named for him 
instead of for King George. That was not permitted, but 
we have named a county and a town for him and erected a 
beautiful monument to his memory. Other colonies had long 
before been planted for profit, power and speculation, but 
Oglethorpe planted ours from motives of benevolence. The 
motto on his colonial seal was, " Not for ourselves, but 
for others," and the device was a silk-worm spinning its 
cocoon. 

7. Oglethorpe's philanthropy was not confined to the 
debtors in the prisons, but extended to all unfortunate and 
oppressed people. And so when he obtained the charter from 
King George for the settlement of Georgia, the grant included 
all poor subjects who, through misfortune, were not able to 
maintain their families. Another purpose of the grant was the 
occupation of that disputed territory between South Carolina 
and Florida, for the protection of the Carolina colonies from 
the frequent raids of the Indians and Spaniards on the South. 

Questions. — i. Who was the founder of the colony of Georgia.? 2. 
When was he born? He lived during the reigns of what kings.? What 
is said of his patriotism ? Tell of his ability and progress as a soldier. 
What was he offered in his 87th year.? Why did he refuse.? 3. What 
did Hannah More write of him .? Who else paid tribute to him .? 4. Of 



4 THE mSTOHV OF (iEOKGlA. 

what committee was he made chairman ? Tell of his efforts to help the 
poor. 5. What was the effect of his example in after years ? 6. What 
have Georgians done in his honor ? In what respect was the founding 
of Georgia different from other colonies? What motto was chosen? 7. 
What did the charter for Georgia include? What was another purpose 
of the grant ? 



CHAPTER II. 

ORIGINAL GRANT AND ITS CHANGES. 

1. On the 9th of June, 1732, George II., King of England, 
granted to Oglethorpe and his associates, a large portion of 
country lying between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, 
and extending due west from their head-waters by two parallel 
lines to the south seas, which meant to the Pacific Ocean. It 
was customary in that day for monarchs to claim all the land 
their seamen discovered, and as much more as was partly 
occupied by nations too weak to defend their title, hence this 
grant of the king extended much further westward than the 
territory he had any right to or dominion over. The lines 
were never run, however, beyond the Mississippi River, and 
so the territory covered by the first grant was in the peculiar 
shape that is shown by Map No. i. 

2. At that time the King of Spain claimed all the land lying 
south of the Altamaha, including all the territory now known 
as Florida, and all of Alabama and Mississippi except a narrow 
strip bordering on the gulf. After thirty years of contention, 
a treaty with Spain gave to England this territory, and King 
George III. then granted to his trustees for the Georgia colony 
all that Spain had ceded, except that portion known as East 
and West Florida; hence the Georgia domain was greatly 
enlarged, and by additional grants took the shape shown on 
Map No. 2. 



OGLETHORPE S CHARTER. 5 

3. After the Revolutionary war of 1776, Georgia became an 
independent state, and one of the United States of America. 
In 1802 she ceded to the United States all that territory lying 
south of Tennessee and west of the Chattahoochee River, up 
to the great bend, making her reserved territory as appears by 
the boundaries shown in Map No. 3. 

4. There were Indian reservations covering much of this 
territory, but their claims were not considered as permanent, 
and from time to time their title was extinguished by treaties 
which gave them considerable money and more land beyond 
the Mississippi River. They were not cheated but were rather 
forced to make the trade. 

Questions. — i. When and bywhomwas the grant made to Oglethorpe .? 
Where was the land ? 2. Who claimed all the land south of the Altamaha? 
How did England obtain this land.? To what colony did King George 
grant it ? 3. When did Georgia become an independent state ^ What did 
Georgia do in 1S02 ? 4. What is said of the Indian claims ? 



CHAPTER III. 

Oglethorpe's charter. 

1. The grant was made and stamped with the seal of 
England, June 9, 1732. It included all that portion of our 
present state that lies between the Savannah and Altamaha 
Rivers. This land previous to 1733 was a wilderness, and was 
claimed by Spain as well as England. It was divided into 
eight equal parts and named Georgia, for King George II. of 
England. The charter did not donate these lands in fee 
simple, but only for twenty-one years, " In trust for the poor," 
to a corporation of trustees for settling the colony of Georgia. 

2. Each family was limited by the charter to 500 acres. 
Ten years after the land was granted, a yearly rent of four 
shillings on each one hundred acres was to be charged. The 



6 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

colonists were to be subjects of Great Britain, and absolute 
freedom of worship was granted to all except papists. The 
governor of the colony was to be appointed with the approval 
of the king, and subject to his orders. 

3. The trustees met in London on July 7, 1732, to make 
laws. Each male inhabitant was regarded both as a planter 
and as a soldier. He was to be provided with arms for 
defence, and with tools for the cultivation of the soil. In 
order to insure industry, the settlers were to be required to 
clear and cultivate within a given time, ten acres, and to plant 
one hundred white mulberry trees. 

4. Knowing the silk industry to be easy work and the 
keeping of negroes expensive, the trustees agreed to prohibit 
slavery. So Georgia was the first American colony to declare 
against this trafitic. Many charitable people gave liberally to 
the emigrant fund, and Parliament made a donation to Georgia. 

5. The first emigrants were chosen with great care. Only 
those who were unfortunate and deserved aid were allowed to 
join the colonists. A rigid examination of each person's claim 
to charity was made, and preference was given to those who 
came well recommended by clergymen. There were no lawless 
and abandoned, wretches. Georgia permitted no one to enter 
her borders, who was not adjudged by competent authority 
worthy of the rights of citizenship. 

6. On November 12, 1732, the good ship Anne, commanded 
by Captain Thomas, left Gravesend for Charleston. There 
were one hundred and twenty emigrants aboard under the 
direction of General Oglethorpe. The Reverend Dr. Henry 
Hubert, of the Church of England, went as chaplain, and Mr. 
Amatis was engaged to instruct in the silk worm culture. 
Among the emigrants there were carpenters, bricklayers, 
farmers and mechanics. Aboard the vessel were arms, agri- 
cultural implements, tools and stores for the use and support of 
the colonists. The voyage proved pleasant, and after two months 
they dropped anchor in Charleston Harbor, January 2, 1733. 



EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS. 7 

7. South Carolina had been settled sixty years before. 
There had been many wars with the Spaniards and Indians, 
but the colonists were generally triumphant. Charleston, a 
prosperous town, was the capital. In 1681, ten years after 
Carolina was settled, the colony of Pennsylvania was settled. 
Fifty years afterwards came the emigrants to settle Georgia, 
the last of the thirteen original states, and this settlement 
was made just 126 years after Jamestown, the first English 
settlement in America, was founded in Virginia. What John 
Smith was to Virginia, Raleigh to the Carolinas and William 
Penn to Pennsylvania, Oglethorpe was to Georgia. 

Questions. — i. When was the grant made.? What did it include? 
What was the land previous to 1733? By whom claimed? How was it 
divided ? For whom named ? How did the charter donate this land, and 
for how long? To whom were they granted? 2. What jvas the limit of 
land? The colonies were to be subjects of what country? What of their 
freedom of worship ? What is said concerning the governor of the colony? 
When did they meet ? For what purpose ? How were the men to be 
regarded ? What was done to insure industry ? 4. Why did the trustees 
prohibit slavery ? What help did Georgia have? 6. How were the first 
emigrants chosen? Who were allowed to join the colonists? How were 
the claims of the colonists settled ? Who did Georgia permit within her 
borders? 7. When did the first ship sail for the colony? By whom 
commanded ? Who was aboard ? Who was engaged to instruct in silk 
culture? What was brought over for use of the colonists? When and 
where did they land? 8. How long had Carolina been settled? When 
was Pennsylvania settled? How long after did the colonists come to 
Georgia ? 



CHAPTER IV. 

EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS. 

1. On the evening of their arrival Oglethorpe, accompanied 
by an escort, went to call upon the Governor of South Carolina. 
He was warmly welcomed and every assistance given him. 
Leaving the colonists at Beaufort, Carolina, Oglethorpe and 



8 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Colonel William Bull set out to find a suitable place for the 
new town. They soon reached the Savannah River, and 
ascended it as far as Yamacraw Bluff. This bluff rising forty 
feet above the river seemed the very spot for a town. Near 
by was a small Indian village and a Carolina trading post. 
The village was the headquarters of the Yamacraw, a small 
Indian tribe with Tomochichi for the chief. 

2. The trading post had been established by Mary Musgrove, 
a woman of remarkable history, who had much to do with the 
early settlers of Georgia. She was born in Coweta, the chief 
town of the Creek Indians. When seven years of age her 
father took her to Pompom in South Carolina. Here she was 
educated and instructed in Christianity and married John 
Musgrove. In 1732 they established the trading post. 

3. When Oglethorpe arrived at Yamacraw he found the 
Indians very hostile. They considered the settling of white 
people southward of the Savannah River a violation of their 
treaty with South Carolina. Oglethorpe was anxious to make 
peace before bringing the colonists to their new home. He 
visited the Indian chief, accompanied by Mary Musgrove who 
spoke both English and Creek. By her influence Tomochichi 
soon became convinced that the new settlement would benefit 
the Creeks. A treaty was made for a large tract of land, and 
the Indians assured Oglethorpe of their good will. 

4. After making these arrangements Oglethorpe returned 
to Beaufort, and on the 30th of January set sail with the 
emigrants for their new home. On reaching Yamacraw they 
erected four large tents, and in these they slept their first night 
on the soil of Georgia. The next morning they at once set to 
work on the new town, and soon the outlines of Savannah were 
made. 

5. Oglethorpe would have no house made for himself, but 
dwelt in a tent the first year he spent in the colony. Soon 
after the founding of the new settlement was made, he won the 
friendship of all the neighboring tribes of Indians, conciliating 



EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS. 9 

them by presents and by his kindly disposition. His acquaint- 
ance with Tomochichi soon became a close friendship. 

6. In May, 1733, the ship fames brought out more emigrants. 
This was the first vessel from England to sail up the Savannah 
River. Captain Yoakley received the prize offered by the 
trustees for the first ship load of emigrants. 

7. Oglethorpe next built a fort on the Great Ogeechee River, 
and named it Fort Argyle in honor of the Duke of Argyle. 
Five miles south of Savannah the village of High-gate was laid 
out and twelve French families sent there from the colony. 
Near by Hamstead was laid out and peopled with Germans. 
A small fort was placed on St. Augustine Creek and called 
Thunderbolt. On the Skidway Islands ten families were 
placed, and a fort built for their protection. Josephstown 
on the Savannah River was peopled by Scotch. All these 
settlements were short lived, however. The swamp fever 
caused many deaths and the towns were soon deserted. 
As more emigrants came out, more plantations were formed 
and business went on in perfect order. A light-house 
was commenced on the northern end of Great Tybee 
Island. 

8. On the 23d of January, Oglethorpe, with sixteen 
attendants, sailed southward to find out what defence they 
could make against the Spaniards. He reached St. Simons 
Island on the 27th, and on the next day he found another 
island which he named in honor of his friend Sir Joseph Jekyl. 
He decided that a strong fort should be placed on St. Simons, 
a military station and settlement be made at the mouth of the 
Altamaha River, and also selected a sight for Frederica and 
New Inverness. 

9. In March, 1734, the ship Piirisburg brought over the 
Lutheran Salzburgers, a persecuted band of Germans. They 
were warmly welcomed, and Oglethorpe chose for them a home 
in a pine forest. They called their town Ebenezer. Their 
piety was deep and fervent and worthy of much admiration. 



lO THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Early in 1735 the settlement was strengthened by fifty-seven 
more Salzburgers. 

10. In May, 1734, Oglethorpe, Tomochichi, his wife and 
adopted son and five Cherokee chiefs made a visit to England. 
The Indian chiefs took presents to the king and queen, 
renewed their treaty with the trustees, and after four months' 
stay returned home much impressed with civilization. Ogle- 
thorpe remained in England for the purpose of sending more 
emigrants out. In 1735 he sent over a colony of Swiss and 
Moravians. They settled on the Ogeechee River. In October 
the same year, a regiment of Scotch Highlanders sailed from 
Inverness. Arriving at the Altamaha River in January, 1736, 
they settled at New Inverness, in the district called Darien. 

Questions. — i. What did Oglethorpe do upon his arrival? What 
was his next move ? Who went with him ? Tell of their journey. What 
did they find ? Who was the Indian chief? 2. Whose trading post ? Tell 
something of Mary Musgrove. Where was the post established ? 3. How 
did Oglethorpe find the Indians ? Who helped him make friendly settle- 
ments ? 4. When did Oglethorpe return to Beaufort and when did the 
emigrants sail for their new home ? What did they do upon their arrival ? 
What town did they lay out next morning ? 5. Where did Oglethorpe 
dwell ? What of his success with the Indians ? 6. When did more 
emigrants come over? 7. Where was a fort built and for whom named? 
What village was begun and with whom peopled ? What other settlements 
were made ? Where were the Scotch placed ? How did these settlements 
prosper? 8. Where did Oglethorpe now sail ? What islands did he find? 
For what towns did he select sites ? 9. When did the Purislmrg come 
over ? What emigrants came ? Where were they settled ? When was the 
settlement at Ebenezer strengthened? 10. Where did Oglethorpe now 
sail and who accompanied him ? What did the Indians take with them 
and what were their impressions ? For what purpose did Oglethorpe 
remain? Who did he send over in 1735? Where did they settle? 



PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. 



II 



CHAPTER V. 



PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. 



I. In October, 1735, Oglethorpe, accompanied by John and 
Charles Wesley brought out 225 emigrants. Among them were 
many English people, more German Lutherans and Moravians. 
The Germans were sent to Ebenezer, the JMoravians to the 
settlement on the Ogeechee. The Reverend John Wesley had 
been appointed missionary to Georgia. He was a religious 
enthusiast and a reformer, and became the head of a society 
that had been formed by his brother Charles, for good works 
among the poor. On arriving at Savannah he began his labors, 
and sacrificed all personal considerations for the spiritual and 
temporal good of the settlers and the Indians. He read the 
liturgy daily, preached and exhorted — forded rivers, slept on 
the ground, fasted, and went bare- 
footed among those who had no 
shoes. His missionary work was 
not, however, well received by the 
colonists, and he returned to Eng- 
land in 1738 and formed the first 
Methodist society. His aggressive 
methods and independence were 
distasteful to the established church 
and the doors were closed against 
him. He then joined George 
Whitefield in open-air preaching, 
and built the first Methodist chapel 
at Bristol, and formed many societies under the name of 
Methodists. His brother Charles came with him to Georgia, 
as secretary to General Oglethorpe, but they did not long 
remain together. He returned to England in 1836. These 
two brothers were very gifted and earnest men, and have left 
their impress upon the religious world as the founders of 




Reverend George Whitefield. 



12 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Armenian Methodism. The hymns of Charles Wesley are 
sung everywhere in Christian churches, and will no doubt 
remain as the best standards of sacred songs. Reverend 
George Whitefield who succeeded John Wesley was a pulpit 
orator of extraordinary power. He labored diligently in 
mission work and in founding an orphanage in Savannah. 
Between 1738 and 1751 he crossed the ocean six times, 
in furtherance of his work. He preached 18,000 sermons, 
and his voice was so clear and musical that it could be 
distinctly heard by an audience of 25,000 people. His 
elocution and his gestures formed the model of orators and 
actors in his day. His separation from the Wesleys was 
because they differed in faith and creed. They were Armenians 
while he was a Calvinist. 

2. In November, 1735, a town was laid out far up on the 
Savannah River and named by Oglethorpe, Augusta for one of 
the royal princesses. O'Bryan was the first settler. A large 
Indian trade between this town and Charleston at once began. 
In 1736 Augusta was garrisoned, ware-houses were built, boats 
navigated the Savannah River, and at an early date not less 
than 600 persons were here engaged in commerce. A road 
was opened to Savannah, and Augusta became the most 
important trading post in the Southern States. February 
18, 1736, Oglethorpe went to St. Simons to establish 
a settlement and fort. Work was at once begun on the 
town which was named Frederica, in honor of Frederick, 
Prince of Wales. A strong fort was built for its defense. 
Near this town was the only home Oglethorpe ever owned in 
Georgia. 

3. Leaving Frederica in the hands of the builders, Ogle- 
thorpe, accompanied by friends, Tomochichi and other Indian 
chiefs, proceeded to reconnoiter the Southern Frontier. They 
went in scout-boats to Jekyl and placed a fort on its southern 
extremity. The island south of this was, at the urgent request 
of one of the Indian chiefs, named Cumberland in honor of the 



PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. 1 3 

Duke of Cumberland, who had presented the chief with a watch 
while in London. Here Oglethorpe marked out Fort Andrew, 
and left Colonel Mackay and his men to built it. Two more 
islands were visited and named Amelia and Talbot. 

4. The colonists were in a state of constant alarm. Attacks 
from the Spaniards in Florida were daily expected. Oglethorpe 
established another fort on the southern end of St. Simons. 
This commanded the entrance to Jekyl Sound. Upon San 
Juan Island near the mouth of the St. John's River, Oglethorpe 
discovered the ruins of an old fort. He sent Captain Herms- 
dorf and a detachment of Highlanders to repair and occupy it. 
This island was included in the grant of Georgia, so they 
renamed it George and the fort St. George. Scout boats 
were constantly sent out as far as the mouth of St. John's 
River, and Indian runners watched the walls of St. Augustine 
to notify Oglethorpe of every movement of the enemy. 
The chiefs of the Cheehaws and Creeks offered aid. A large 
body of volunteers were promised from Carolina. 

5. To conciliate the Spaniards, Charles Dempsey was sent 
to St. Augustine- to arrange a meeting between the governors 
of Florida and Georgia, with a view of settling the boundary 
line between the two provinces. The Spanish officials in 
great splendor visited Oglethorpe at Frederica, and made 
many protestations of friendship. Shortly after this they 
demanded that the English evacuate all territory lying south 
of St. Helena Sound. Feeling that a stronger force was 
necessary for the protection of the colony, Oglethorpe sailed 
for England on the 29th of November, 1736, to consult with 
the trustees. 

6. The trustees petitioned the crown for forces to protect 
the Georgia colony. The petition was granted, and Oglethorpe 
made colonel of the regiment and commander-in-chief of all 
his majesty's forces in Carolina and Georgia. So threatening 
was the attitude of the Spaniards, that a detachment of troops 
was ordered at once to Georgia. Reverend George Whitefield, 



14 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

who had been appointed missionary in place of John Wesley, 
was a passenger on board the same vessel. Oglethorpe 
returned to Georgia in time to mourn with all the colonists 
the death of the great warrior Tomochichi. 

7. Spain now threatened to exterminate the colony and war 
was declared by England November 5, 1739. This war and 
subsequent contentions came from disputes over boundary 
lines and what was called the right of discovery. A party of 
Spaniards attacked the fort on Amelia Island. Oglethorpe 
with a thousand Indians, a troop of horse and a Highland 
regiment drove them back into St. Augustine and burned 
their boats. The whole of St. John's River was soon in his 
possession. Garrisoning all the captured forts, he returned to 
Frederica. There he was reinforced by troops from Carolina 
and prepared for an attack upon St. Augustine. 

8. Finding that boats could not approach the city, he 
advanced upon land and placing the city in siege, demanded 
a surrender from the Spanish governor. The mighty Don sent 
him for an answer, " I will be pleased to shake hands with 
you in my castle." At this defiant reply, Oglethorpe opened 
his battery and shelled the town. For twenty days this siege 
continued, when the Spaniards were reinforced from Havana. 
Oglethorpe was taken sick and the English returned to 
Frederica, having lost about fifty men. 

Questions. — i. When did Oglethorpe return.^ By whom accom- 
panied? Where were the emigrants sent? Tell something of John 
Wesley. What of Charles Wesley? Who succeeded John Wesley as 
missionary to Georgia ? Tell of his successful work. 2. When was 
Augusta laid out? Who was the first settler? What of the Indian trade 
and Augusta's growth ? What did Oglethorpe do February, 1736? What 
town was begun ? When was Oglethorpe's home ? 3. Where did Ogle- 
thorpe now go? Where was a fort placed and what three islands were 
visited and named ? 4. Why were the colonists alarmed ? Where did 
Oglethorpe establish other forts? What did he re-name San Juan? 
What precautions were taken against the enemy's approach ? 5. What 
was done to conciliate the Spaniards? Who visited Oglethorpe ? What 



SPANISH INVASION. I 5 

did they demand ? Why did Oglethorpe go to England ? 6. What petition ' 
did the trustees grant ? What was Oglethorpe made ? Who came over 
with the troops? Who died? 7. What did Spain threaten? For what 
was war declared ? When was the first attack made ? How did Ogle- 
thorpe meet the Spaniards? What was his success? 8. How did he 
approach St. Augustine? Tell of the siege. 



CHAPTER VI. 

SPANISH INVASION. 

1. Quiet was restored for a while. The colony showed 
thrift, but much dissatisfaction was felt among the colonists. 
The land and climate seemed not suited for the culture of silk, 
yet the trustees insisted upon that industry and did not wish 
cotton cultivated, though it was the successful crop. Many 
complaints were made of the magistrates, and Oglethorpe was 
accused of partiality. 

2. The trustees resolved to change the government. Colonel 
William Stephens, who was acting as secretary to the trustees, 
was appointed President of Savannah County. He had four 
assistants. General Oglethorpe was governor-in-chief of the 
whole colony, but spent most of his time in Frederica County, 
and no other officer was thought necessary there. Bailiffs 
were appointed to act under him. Savannah County was the 
territory lying north of Darien. Frederica County lay between 
Darien and the Altamaha River. 

3. The Spaniards now gathered all of their forces and 
prepared to completely subjugate Georgia. Their fleet con- 
sisted of fifty-six vessels and 7,500 men. Oglethorpe sent to 
Carolina for troops, prepared his regiments for war, and called 
upon his Indian allies for aid to meet the threatened invasion. 
June 21, 1742, nine Spanish vessels attempted to enter 
Amelia Sound, but were driven back by the guns on Fort 



l6 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Williams. They then came into Cumberland Sound, but 
Oglethorpe with six boats and a hundred men repulsed them. 
He then returned to Frederica for reinforcements. 

4. On the 28th of June another Spanish fleet appeared on 
the bar. This fleet was under the command of Don Manuel 
De Monteano and presented a grand array, drawn up in battle 
line. July 5 after a short engagement, Oglethorpe was forced 
to abandon fort St. Simons, and ordered all of the troops to 
fall back to Frederica to defend that place. There were only 
700 men in this command, but they were hourly expecting 
reinforcements from Carolina. 

5. 4,300 of the enemy landed on St. Simons, and July 7 a 
party of them advanced to Frederica. When within two miles 
of the town Oglethorpe met them with Indians, Highlanders 
and rangers under his command. He completely routed the 
enemy and captured the commander of the party. Pushing on 
several miles, Oglethorpe stationed his men in ambush and 
returned himself to Frederica to hurry his marines to action. 
The men in ambush under the command of Sutherland and 
Mackay succeeded in surprising the approaching enemy, and 
killed some of their principal officers. Oglethorpe did not 
arrive until after the engagement, but he was so pleased that 
he promoted the two young men on the spot. 

6. He determined to attack the Spaniards at night, though 
he had but few men. When he was within a short distance of 
the encampment one of his men deserted and went over to the 
enemy. Knowing that he would give information, Oglethorpe 
hastily devised a plan to thwart the treason. He wrote a letter 
to the man who had deserted and gave it to one of his Spanish 
prisoners to convey it into the Spanish lines and deliver it. 
The letter was written in French, seemingly from a friend of 
the deserter, saying he had received the money and should try 
to make the Spaniards believe that the English forces were 
few and weak, and that they expected no reinforcements. Of 
course this letter found its way to the Spanish headquarters. 



SPANISH INVASION. 1 7 

Such was their fear of the English, that the Spaniards hastily 
embarked leaving much of their arms and ammunition. 

7. This ended the contest. It lasted one month and the 
Spaniards did not gain a single victory. Georgia and Carolina 
were freed from their southern enemy, and the war only 
continued abroad between England and Spain. 

8. Oglethorpe continued to strengthen the frontier and 
look after the improvement of the colony until his departure 
to England. He left Georgia the 17th of July, 1743. 
Treacherous accusations had been made against him by one 
Lieutenant-Colonel Cook. Arriving at London he demanded 
that the charges made against him should be investigated. A 
board of general officers made the investigation and declared 
the whole charge to be groundless, false and malicious. 
Lieutenant Cook was dismissed from the service. Oglethorpe 
never returned to Georgia, though he took the deepest interest 
in the colony and was recognized as governor until the trustees 
surrendered the charter in 1752. Ten of the best years of his 
life and most of his fortune at that time was spent in behalf of 
Georgia. 

Questions. — i. What was the condition of the colony.? What com- 
plaints were made ? 2. What did the trustees decide to do ? What change 
was made? What is said of Oglethorpe? What other officers were 
appointed? What two counties were made? 3. What did the Spaniards 
do ? Of what did their fleet consist ? What preparations for war did 
Oglethorpe make ? When and where was the first attack of the Span- 
iards ? What was the result ? 4. Tell of the next fleets. What was 
Oglethorpe forced to do ? How many men were in his command ? 5. How 
many Spaniards landed ? How were they met ? What was Oglethorpe's 
next move ? What is told of two young officers ? 6. What did Oglethorpe 
determine to do? Tell of the Deserter. 7. How long did this war last 
and who was successful ? 8. Tell of Oglethorpe's departure. What of 
Cook's accusations ? Did Oglethorpe return to Georgia ? 



1 8 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

CHAPTER VII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF STEPHENS. 

1. After the departure of Oglethorpe, Colonel William 
Stephens became governor of both counties. During the 
early part of Stephens' administration, Major William Horton 
was in command of the troops in Georgia. 

2. The colony did not prosper. A number of petitions had 
been sent to the trustees to sanction the introduction of slaves. 
It was declared that the white servants were not able to stand 
the malaria and fevers in the swamps. Their employers 
abandoned all hope of gain. The silk, wine, indigo and lumber 
trade nearly ceased. Many industrious families moved into 
South Carolina where there were negroes. Reverend George 
Whitefield who had tried the slave labor on a farm in Carolina, 
became convinced that Georgia could not thrive without 
negroes. 

3. James Habersham, president of the Council of Georgia, 
wrote a letter to the trustees advising them to change their 
policy, and Thomas Stephens, a son of the governor was sent 
over to England to obtain a repeal of the law prohibiting 
slavery, but failed in the attempt. The trustees to quiet the 
people allowed rum to be brought into the colony. This 
satisfied them for a short time only, when the petitions and 
complaints were renewed. After fifteen years of this trouble, 
the trustees decided to consider the question, and requested 
the governor to find out upon what conditions Georgia was 
willing to accept slaves. 

4. A meeting of the representatives was called. Major 
lorton, one of the best men of the colony, was made chairman. 

he resolutions of this meeting were laid before the trustees, 
e trustees in turn petitioned his majesty and October 26, 
9, negro slaves became lawful property in Georgia. A 



ADMINISTRATION OF STEPHENS. 1 9 

penalty of ten pounds was to be paid by every master who 
allowed his negroes to work on Sunday, and a penalty of five 
pounds must be paid by the master if his slaves did not attend 
religious services at least once on that day. So Georgia 
after a struggle of fifteen years acquired the right that 
the other English colonies of America had long since had. 
The colony now began to prosper. The number of in- 
habitants increased rapidly. In 1750 Georgia had 1,500 
people, and five ship-loads of produce were sent to England. 
In was in the year 1749 that the colony had great trouble 
with Thomas Bosomworth. He was a minister and had for 
several years been in charge of all religious affairs in Georgia. 

6. In 1744 he married the widow Mary Musgrove. Up to 
this time Mary had been the friend of the colonists, and had 
rendered them many services in controlling the Indians for 
which she had been paid numerous sums of money. Under 
the influence of Bosomworth she now demanded for services 
rendered, absolute possession of Ossabaw, St. Catherine and 
Sapelo Islands, and a large tract of land near Savannah. 

7. The Indians under her advice threatened a massacre of 
the whites. Mary took the title of independent Empress, and 
at the head of a large body of Indians set out for Savannah. 
Thomas Bosomworth in his canonical robes with the queen by 
his side and followed by many chiefs and warriors marched 
into the city July 20, 1749. All the men in Savannah were 
compelled to mount guard, and the women and children were 
greatly terrified at being left alone in their homes. 

8. Bosomworth was at once arrested. Finding it utterly 
impossible to pacify the Indians while Mary was with them, 
she was finally locked up, and the Indians were persuaded 
to leave the town. Mary and her husband were kept in 
confinement for a month, when having begged for pardon they 
were set at liberty. 

9. Bosomworth pressed his wife's claim in London. After 
years of negotiations a salary of one hundred pounds per year 



20 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

back- pay was allowed her as interpreter, and full title was 
given her to St. Catherine's Island. She and Bosomworth 
fixed their habitation there, and their graves may still be seen 
side by side on this island. 

Questions. — i. Who was governor and who had command of the 
troops? 2. What was the condition of the colony? What did Whitefield 
believe was needed? 3. What did James Habersham do? Who was sent 
to England ? How did the trustees try to quiet the people ? After fifteen 
years of complaint what was done? 4. For what was a meeting called? 
What was the need of this meeting? When did slaves become lawful 
property in Georgia? On what conditions? What was the effect on 
the colony? What troubled the colonists now? 5. What is said of 
Bosomworth? 6. What was Mary's demand? 7. What influence did 
Mary have over the Indians ? WMiat did Mary and Thomas Bosomworth 
do ? 8. How were they treated ? 9. Did this end the trouble ? What was 
finally granted them ? 



CHAPTER VIII. 

TRUSTEES SURRENDER THE CHARTER. 

T. The trustees now declared a representative Assembly 
necessary. January 15, 175 1, this Assembly was held at 
Savannah. Francis Harris was made speaker. This Assembly 
had no power except through the trustees, so, feeling they were 
of little use, after a session of twenty-one days they dissolved. 

2. Colonel William Stephens' good judgment and nobility 
of character justly fitted him for the control of the colony. Yet, 
conscious of his feebleness from old age, and being incapable 
of carrying on regularly the business of the colony, he resigned 
the presidency and retired on a pension. Henry Parker, the 
vice-president, was now made president, and James Habersham 
made secretary. In this same year, 1751, the restrictions on 
the land were removed and the lands were held in absolute 
title. This gave great satisfaction. The trustees now estab- 



TRUSTEES SURRENDER THE CHARTER. 21 

lished a militia for Georgia. Captain Noble Jones was 
appointed to the command. 

3. In 1752 a number of Puritans from Dorchester, S. C, 
received a grant for 31,950 acres of land called Midway, on 
the Ogeechee River. In 1630 their ancestors had sailed from 
England for the New England States. There they had suffered 
much, and South Carolina offered them a home. After fifty 
years in that state they moved to Georgia, into that region now 
called Liberty County. They settled and named Sunbury in 
St. John's parish. From these Puritans many of the noblest 
men in Georgia are descended. Two of the trustees, John 
Stephens and John Elliott, were members of the Midway 
congregation. The log church they built on Midway Neck 
was the first Congregational church in Georgia. 

4. Emigration from South Carolina continued for years. 
Many rich people came over with their families and negroes. 
It was estimated that nearly one thousand negroes came into 
the state in one year. A few Quaker families now moved to 
Georgia and settled a few miles above Augusta. They hoped 
to be able to live on friendly terms with the neighboring 
tribes of. Indians, but soon after settling they were alarmed 
by hearing that the Indians were preparing for a raid upon 
them. The Quakers at once fled the state, leaving only their 
name to what is known to this day as Quaker Springs. 

5. In 1753 the population of Georgia was 2381 whites and 
1006 blacks. Twenty-one years had now passed and the 
trustees decided to surrender the charter of Georgia. They 
felt that the colony had grown beyond their management. A 
committee was appointed to arrange matters, and April 29, 1752, 
the trustees held their last meeting. Every claim was settled 
and Georgia passed under the direct control of Great Britain. 

6. Too much cannot be said of the trustees of Georgia. For 
twenty-one years they labored for the improvement of the state 
with no expectation or desire for remuneration. They were 
seventy-two in number. Many of them men with title and 



22 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

high rank, eminent divines, noted lawyers and members of 
Parliament. When they resigned their trust there were only 
six of the original number living. 

7. President Parker was succeeded by Patrick Graham as 
president. Georgia now had a season of great unrest and 
trouble. The trustees had supported the colony with donations 
from England, and now that this support was withdrawn 
Georgia was left in a state of utter poverty, with no proper 
form of government, in constant peril from attacks of the 
Indians and utterly neglected by the royal government. After 
two years this state of affairs was finally recognized in 
England. Georgia was placed under special charge of the 
Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, and they were 
ordered to draw up a plan of government for the colony. 
March 5, 1754, it was decided that Georgia have the same 
government as the other American colonies. 

Questions. — i. What was declared necessary? Where and when 
was this assembly held? What was the result? 2. What is said of 
Stephens? Who were president and secretary? What change was made 
in 1751 ? What did the trustees establish? In what year did the Puritans 
come over ? Tell something of this people. 4. What is said of the emi- 
gration from South Carolina? Tell of these Quakers. 5. What was 
Georgia's population in 1753? What was the decision of the trustees? 
When was their last meeting ? 6. What is said of these trustees ? 7. Who 
succeeded Parker? What was the condition of the colony? Did England 
realize the state of affairs ? What provision was made for Georgia? 



CHAPTER IX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS. 

I. Captain Reynolds of the royal navy of England was made 
president. His title was Captain-General and Governor-in- 
Chief of His Majesty's Province of Georgia and Vice-Admiral 



ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS. 23 

of the same. A Court of Record was established as the general 
court. The presiding judge was called Chief Justice of Georgia. 
The General Assembly was to continue in session during 
Reynolds' administration. 

2. Governor Reynolds arrived in Georgia October 29, 1754, 
and at once took the oath of office. James Habersham was 
appointed secretary. The governor and the Upper and 
Commons House of the Assembly formed the government of 
Georgia. Patrick Graham was made president of the Upper 
House and David Douglas of Augusta was speaker of the 
Commons House. Courts of Record were created in 1755 and 
two judges, Noble Jones and Jonathan Bryan, were appointed 
to office. This court was to hold quarterly terms at Savannah. 
Soon after a Court of Chancery was established. 

3. Governor Reynolds addressed the first Legislature of 
Georgia at Savannah, January 7, 1755. He was well received 
and was promised a hearty support by both houses. The most 
important act passed by this Assembly was one for stamping 
credit bills to the amount of three thousand pounds, making 
this legal tender in the colony. 

4. Governor Reynolds proceeded at once to look after the 
defence of the colony. Frederica he found almost in ruins, 
with no protection. Savannah and Augusta had old forts, few 
guns and raw recruits. There were few men in the colony 
capable of bearing arms and the Indians constantly threatened 
attacks. Hoping to conciliate the Indians, Governor Reynolds 
appointed a meeting with them at Augusta. While waiting for 
the Indians there he was summoned at once to Savannah on 
an important matter. Leaving a goodly supply of presents 
and his speech to be delivered by Mr. Little, he at once 
returned to Savannah. Mr. Little delivered the presents to 
three hundred chiefs and warriors, was well received, and the 
tribes renewed their pledges of friendship. 

5. Governor Reynolds upon his return to Savannah found 
two ship-loads of French papists. Governor Lawrence of Nova 



24 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Scotia had sent them to Georgia, feeling sure that they would 
be well received and cared for. Governor Reynolds was sorely 
perplexed, for the papist religion was prohibited in Georgia. 
Humanity, however, compelled him to receive them, for the 
weather was too severe to admit of their return to Nova Scotia. 

6. These Acadians had a most unhappy lot. They were of 
French descent and mostly shepherds. Upon the cession of 
Acadie (Nova Scotia) to the British crown they found them- 
selves forced to swear allegiance to England or quit their 
homes. They chose the former, and, for a little while, were 
allowed to remain in peace. Finally, however, their cattle and 
flocks were declared to be forfeited to the crown and they were 
ordered from the provinces. 

7. That they might have no hope of longer remaining, their 
houses and barns were burned, and they were forced to depart 
at the point of the bayonet. Their English masters crowded 
them into ships and scattered them along the coast from 
Massachusetts to Georgia. Georgia had four hundred of them 
and provided for them at the public expense. In a short time, 
though, nearly all of them disappeared, some of them to 
Carolina, some to France, while others returned to Nova Scotia. 

8. Governor Reynolds now inspected the southern coast. 
As he did not consider Frederica or Savannah proper towns 
for the capital, he chose a small settlement on a high bluff on 
the Ogeechee River, fourteen miles from the mouth. He 
named this Hardwick, with a view to making it the capital. 

9. The Assembly had a disagreement with Governor 
Reynolds. He applied to the colony the same rules he had 
used upon his man-of-war in the navy. This did not suit, and 
the people rebelled. Evidently the colony was not flourishing 
under him. Complaints that came from all parts of the colony 
were too urgent to pass unheeded. The Lords of Trade and 
Plantations communicated with His Majesty and received an 
order recalling Reynolds to answer the charges made against 
him. Henry Ellis was appointed lieutenant-governor of Georgia 



ADMINISTRATION OF ELLIS. 2$ 

in Governor Reynolds' absence. Reynolds never returned to 
Georgia, but entered the navy again. 

Questions. — i. Who was made President.? What was established? 
2. When did Reynolds arrive? Who was made secretary? What was 
the government? Who were appointed judges ? What other court was 
established ? 3. When and where was the first legislature of Georgia ? 
What act was passed? 4. In what condition did Governor Reynolds find 
the colony ? Why were the colonists in danger ? What did Governor 
Reynolds do ? How did the Indians receive these overtures ? 5. What 
did Governor Reynolds find on his return to Savannah ? Why did he 
hesitate to receive the people? 6. Who were these emigrants? Why did 
they leave their homes ? 7. How were they forced to leave Nova Scotia? 
8. WMiat was Governor Reynolds' next work ? What settlement did he 
choose for a capital? 9. Why did the Assembly object to Governor 
Reynolds ? Why did the Lords of Trade and Plantations recall him? Who 
was appointed governor during his absence ? 



CHAPTER X. 

ADMINISTRATION OF ELLIS. 

1. Henry Ellis arrived at Savannah February 16, 1757, and 
was immediately installed in office. He profited by the mistakes 
of Reynolds and governed the colony with great care and suc- 
cess. During his administration there was perfect harmony in 
the General Assembly. 

2. The most interesting act passed by the Legislature was 
one dividing the province into parishes and providing for the 
establishment of religious worship. The parishes were eight in 
number : Christ Church including Savannah, St. Matthew's 
parish including Abercorn and Ebenezer, St. George's parish 
including Halifax, St. Paul's parish including Augusta, St. 
Phillip's parish including Great Ogeechee, St. John's parish 
including Midway and Sunbury, St. Andrew's parish including 
Darien, and St. James' including Frederica. Bartholomew 



26 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Zouberbuhler was declared rector of Christ's Church in 
Savannah. Commissioners were appointed to provide for 
the building of churches in other parishes, and a tax was 
levied on all estate, real or personal, for the support of 
these churches. 

3. It was the intention of the government of Georgia to 
establish the Church of England, but this now seemed impos- 
sible, for there were Presbyterians, Lutherans, Congregation- 
alists, Methodists, Papists and a few Hebrews. 

4. Mr. Ellis was so wise in his administration of public 
affairs, that May, 1758, his majesty announced him governor- 
in-chief of Georgia. The Spaniards from time to time gave 
him some trouble, and accused the English of causing the 
Indians to invade Florida. The governor showed this to be 
false and was determined to keep peace with the Spaniards. 

5. On July 20 there came an important document from 
William Pitt, afterward Earl of Chatham, calling on Georgia 
for men and money to aid in the war against the French in 
Canada. The General Assembly, in answer, told of the 
extreme poverty of the province and the want of troops even 
to guard themselves. 

6. Trouble now began to arise between the colonists and 
Indians. The Indians surrounded Fort Loudon, killed several 
excursion parties, and cut off all supplies from the fort. They 
then marched on to Keowee, a town near Augusta. A treaty 
of peace was made here and several Indian chiefs were left as 
hostages. Soon, however, the Indians returned to the war-path. 
Captain Cottyman of Fort Prince George and several men 
were surprised and murdered in cold blood. In return for this 
the soldiers of the fort fell mercilessly upon the Indians and 
killed a great number. This aroused the whole Cherokee 
nation, who vowed to avenge the death of their chiefs, and, 
rushing upon the towns, they scalped and murdered men, 
women and children, and burned their homes. To add to 
this horror, small-pox was raging everywhere. 



ADMINISTRATION OF ELLIS. 2/ 

7. Captain Montgomery now came with aid from the north. 
With a portion of his command he attacked the httle town of 
Keowee and put to death every Indian in the village. Thence 
he went to Estatoe, and, finding that the inhabitants had fled, 
he burned the town. All the settlements in the lower Cherokee 
nation shared the -same fate. The Indians were completely 
overpowered and Captain Montgomery moved on to the 
relief of Fort Prince George. Finding the Indians indisposed 
to lay down their arms, Captain Montgomery determined to 
penetrate into their midst, and marched to within five miles of 
Etchoe. Here a number of savages in ambush surprised him 
and a bloody battle ensued. This engagement convinced 
Colonel Montgomery that, encumbered by his wounded, he 
could make no headway against the savages, and, in obedience 
to a recall, he prepared to embark for New York. 

8. Feeling the great danger of the colonists, the governor 
persuaded Colonel Montgomery to leave four companies of the 
Royal Regiment with him for the protection of the frontier. 
These troops were left under the command of Major Frederick 
Hamilton. Fort Loudon was in a most miserable condition. It 
was chiefly invested by the enraged Cherokees and could get no 
assistance from any quarter. For a month the entire garrison 
had subsisted upon lean dogs and a small supply of beans 
furnished them by a friendly Cherokee woman. The soldiers 
were in despair and threatened to leave the fort, preferring to 
die by the hands of the Indians rather than perish from hunger. 

9. Captain Stuart determined to surrender the fort to the 
Indians on condition that they gave them safe escort to Fort 
Prince George. August 7, 1760, they marched out. Travelling 
fifteen miles the first day, they camped out, but on the morning 
found that their guides had deserted them, and soon after the 
Indians in war-paint and feathers rushed upon them. Entirely 
unprotected, they were soon overpowered, many killed and the 
rest taken prisoners to Fort Loudon. Learning that his friend 
Captain Stuart was taken prisoner, AttakuUakulla, an Indian 



28 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

chief, went to the fort, and, giving his clothes and rifle as a 
ransom, purchased Stuart from his captors. Taking him 
home with him he made him a member of his family. The 
other soldiers, after a miserable captivity, were ransomed at a 
great cost by South Carolina. 

10. The Cherokees now determined to advance upon Fort 
Prince George. Captain Stuart, assisted by Attakullakulla, 
made his escape in order to notify Georgia and South Carolina 
of the threatened danger. The Indians, assisted by the French, 
were bent on massacre. Assistance was again called for by 
Georgia, and Colonel Grant with 2500 men was ordered to her 
relief. 

11. He arrived at Fort Prince George May, 1761. Here he 
was met by Attakullakulla, who besought the English to wait 
until he could persuade the Cherokees to sue for peace. 
Colonel Grant refused this request and proceeded to march 
on. They met the first war party of Indians on the spot 
Montgomery had met them the year previous, and a bloody 
battle of six hours' length ensued. The Indians finally 
retreated. Colonel Grant marched on, destroyed fourteen 
Indian towns and drove the Indians into the distant mountains. 
Upon his return to Fort Prince George, Attakullakulla waited 
upon him and again asked for peace with the English. There- 
upon a treaty of peace was formally ratified. Thus ended this 
war with the Cherokees. 

12. Governor Ellis now asked for a recall on account of bad 
health. He was a man much honored and revered for his good 
qualities, and the colonists were loth to part with him. 

Questions. — i. Where was Ellis installed? How did he govern the 
colony.? 2. What act was passed by legislature? What were these 
parishes? Who was made rector of Christ's Church? For what were 
commissioners appointed? How were the churches to be supported? 3. 
W^hat was the intention of the government ? 4. What success had Ellis ? 
What is said of the Spaniards ? 5. What important document is spoken 
of? 6. What trouble now arose? What did the Indians do; Where 
was a treaty of peace made ? Did the Indians keep this treaty ? What 



ADMINISTRATION OF WRIGHT. 29 

did the troops do ? What effect had this upon the Cherokees ? What 
added to the horror? 7. What aid now came? What was Montgomery's 
success with the lower nation of Cherokees ? What happened at Etchoe ? 
8. What did the government request ? Who had command of the troops ? 
Tell of Fort London. 9. What did Captain Stuart do ? What was the 
result? Tell of AUakullakulla. How were the soldiers warned? 10. 
What of the Cherokees ? What did Captain Stuart do ? What assistance 
did the Indians have? What did Georgia call for? 11. When did Grant 
arrive? Who met him? Where was the first battle? Who finally 
retreated? Tell of Grant's success. What treaties were made ? 12. What 
is said of Governor Ellis ? 



CHAPTER XI. 

ADMINISTRATION OF WRIGHT. 

1. The third and last governor under the British crown was 
James Wright. He was born in South CaroHna, but received 
his education in England. October 11, 1760, he arrived in 
Georgia and found the colony in a much depressed condition. 
Wright worked hard for the good of the colonists, and much 
improvement was soon seen. 

2. George H. died October, 1760. Funeral services were 
held in Georgia and all proper observances made. The day 
after King George III. was declared king with much pomp 
and ceremony. This is the only time a king was proclaimed 
on Georgia soil. 

3. 1760 the population of Georgia amounted to 6000 white 
people. There were 3500 negro slaves ow^ned. The military 
force consisted of sixty men belonging to His Majesty's 
companies, two troops of rangers, each with five officers and 
seventy privates, and the militia comprising 1000 men. The 
colony had forty-two vessels of her own, and 3400 pounds of 
rice w^ere exported. The general trade increased each year, 
though there were yet no manufactories. The colonists planted 



30 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

rice, indigo, corn, peas, wheat and rye. They made tar, pitch, 
turpentine, shingles and staves, and raised cattle. A wall was 
now built around the southern extremity of Savannah with two 
watch towers. The forts at Augusta and other towns were 
strengthened. 

4. Governor Wright decided not to move the capital from 
Savannah to Hardwick. By royal proclamation on the 7th 
day of October, 1760, George III. annexed to the province of 
Georgia, all lands lying between the rivers of Altamaha and 
St. Mary. The governments of east and west Florida were 
also organized. The southern boundary of Georgia became 
the northern boundary of Florida. So Georgia ceased to be 
on the frontier and was relieved from the direct attacks of the 
Spanish. 

5. Troubles with the Indians now called the attention of 
Governor Wright. He sent for the different tribes to meet 
him at Augusta. At the time appointed about 700 men from 
the Catawbas, Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Creeks 
met him at Augusta. After a short council treaties of peace 
were made. 

6. The war with the French and Indians had cast Great 
Britain into debt. The British Ministry urged that the 
colonies caused the war, and must therefore pay part of the 
expense. So they resolved upon a tax upon all colonial 
exports and imports. The colonists were indignant and 
declared Great Britain had no power to impose this heavy 
tax. Notwithstanding these appeals, March, 1765, Parliament 
passed "The Stamp Act," requiring all papers, bonds, deeds, 
etc., to have stamps. Great indignation was felt throughout 
America. All the colonists sent resolutions against this act to 
England. Massachusetts called for a general congress to meet 
at New York on the ist Tuesday in October, 1765. 

7. Georgia, through Governor Wright's influence, did not 
send a delegate to this congress, but a letter was forwarded 
declaring sympathy with the meeting. The General Assembly 



ADMINISTRATION OF WRIGHT. 3 1 

of Georgia dismissed William Knox, colonial agent of Georgia 
in Great Britain, because he publicly sided with the king. 
Great excitement had risen. October 26, 1765, Governor 
Wright ordered a commemoration of His Majesty's accession 
to the throne. The people gathered in the streets and 
indignantly threatened the governor, .refusing to comply with 
his orders, or to acknowledge the paramount authority of the 
king. So began the revolt in Georgia. 

8. December 5, 1765, the ship SpeedwclL containing Agnus, 
the stamp distributor, appeared in the Savannah River. Agnus 
was conveyed secretly to the governor's house to take the 
required oath of the governor, and though strongly guarded 
left at once fearing the people's indignation. 

9. When his visit became known. Governor Wright received 
several threatening letters. James Habersham, President of 
the Council, was waylaid at night and beaten. Finally, several 
hundred men went to Governor Wright and told him unless the 
stamps were removed they would burn his house and the fort. 
The governor at once sent the papers back to the Speedwell^ 
which still remained in the harbor. That night a mob burned 
the governor in effigy. He ordered out the militia and the 
marines from the SpeediuelL This excitement increased until 
the Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament, Feb. 22, 1766. 
Quiet was at once restored, the colonists declaring themselves 
dutiful subjects so long as their rights were not interfered with. 
Governor Wright had been loyal to his sovereign and still had 
the respect of the people. The colony prospered under his 
control and in 1766 produced 20,000 pounds of cocoons. The 
population was 18,000. 

10. Benjamin Franklin was made agent of Georgia in 1768. 
He was a man of great integrity and ability and was of much 
benefit to the colony. 

Questions. — i. Who was the last governor under the British crown? 
How did he find the colony.^ What is said of his efforts.' 2. What 
funeral services were held in Georgia ? When was a king proclaimed on 



32 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

(Jeorgia soil? 3. What was the population of Georgia in 1760? How 
many slaves owned ? What was the military force ? What of Georgia's 
shipping? How much rice was exported? What were the industries of 
the colony? How was Savannah strengthened? Augusta? 4. Was the 
capital moved? What is said of a royal proclamation? What of the 
southern boundary of Georgia? 5. What called the attention of Governor 
Wright ? What did he do ? What tribes met him ? What was the result ? 
6. What trouble now arose with Great Britain ? What effect did this tax 
have on the people ? What did Parliament do ? How was this act 
received? What was called at New York? 7. What did Georgia do? 
What action did the General Assembly make? What happened October 26, 
1765? S. When and for what purpose did the Speedivcll come? For 
what did Angus come? 9. What was the effect of Angus' visit? What 
was done to James Habersham ? What did the people demand of 
Governor Wright? What did he do? Did this satisfy the people? 
When did the excitement cease? Was Wright successful in his manage- 
ment of the colony? What was Georgia's population in 1766? 10. What 
is said of Benjamin Franklin ? 



CHAPTER XII. 

GEORGIA IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

1. In February, 1768, the speaker of the Assembly of 
Massachusetts sent a letter to the Assembly of Georgia pro- 
posing a general congress of the colonies. The house was 
not in session, but Alexander Wyley, the speaker, assured 
Massachusetts that Georgia would join in the congress. 
Governor Wright was much incensed at Wyley for this. The 
Assembly met November, 1768. Noble Jones was made 
speaker. 

2. The citizens met at Savannah, September 16, 1769, and 
passed a resolution declaring that " any person or persons 
whatsoever importing any of the articles subject to duties after 
having it in their power to prevent it, ought not only to be 
treated with contempt, but deemed an enemy to the country." 



GEORGIA IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 33 

In 1770 the Boston Massacre occurred. Georgia joined in the 
general indignation and determined to cease all commerce with 
England. 

3. Governor Wright now applied to His Majesty for leave of 
absence. July 10, 1 771, he left Georgia to be absent a year and 
a half. James Habersham was made president of the Council. 
February, 1773, Governor Wright returned to Savannah and 
continued his successful administration. During his absence 
the Indians had made a large debt with the traders. For this 
debt Governor \\'right took a large tract of land, which is now 
divided into the counties of Wilkes, Taliaferro, Greene, Elbert, 
Oglethorpe and Lincoln. 

4. Parliament now determined to subdue the colonies. 
March 31, 1774, Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill to 
stop all commerce with Boston. The charter of Massachusetts 
was taken away, a law was made by Parliament ordering all 
persons accused of certain offences to be brought to England 
for trial, and so the American colonies were driven to strike 
for liberty from oppression. 

5. The Georgia Gazette^ July 20, 1774, published a notice 
calling all citizens who wished liberty to a meeting. This 
notice was signed by Archibald Bullock, Noble Jones, John 
Houston and John Walton. Governor Wright issued a procla- 
mation against this meeting. But in utter disregard of the 
governor, the meeting was held at Tondee's Tavern in 
Savannah, August 10, 1774, and a number of resolutions 
passed, as follows : that the Boston Port Bill was tyranny ; 
that the withdrawal of the charter of Massachusetts was 
subversive of American rights ; that Parliament had no right 
to tax American subjects ; that it was contrary to national 
justice to take criminals from America to England to be tried 
for crime committed in the colonies ; that Georgia concurs 
with her sister colonies in every constitutional measure to 
obtain redress of American grievances. A committee was 
appointed to solicit contributions for the Boston sufferers, 



34 'J'lIE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

and within a short time 579 barrels of rice were shipped to 
Boston. 

6.. Soon after this meetins; Governor Wrisrht called a meetinof 
of the Royalists. This party was strong and active, and those 
who now called themselves " the Liberty Boys " had hard 
work to get Georgia firmly placed among the Revolutionists. 
Governor Wright frankly admitted that it required more than 
his power to correct the evils and subdue the flame of inde- 
pendence burning in the colony. Though with the assistance 
of the Royalists he succeeded in preventing Georgia from 
sending a delegate to the first Continental Congress. To "the 
Sons of Liberty" the position of the province was most morti- 
fying. They were placed under a ban by their seeming indif- 
ference in not joining with the other colonies in the General 
Congress. 

7. So a Provincial Congress was determined upon. This 
Congress met January 18, 1775. John Glenn was made chair- 
man. This meeting was almost a failure. Only four of the 
twelve parishes were represented, and these were not harmoni- 
ous. In despair the Congress adjourned having elected Noble 
Jones, Archibald Bullock and John Houston to represent 
Georgia in the General Congress at Philadelphia, May 10, 
1775. St. John's parish was indignant at the want of action 
and determined to act independently and in advance of the 
rest of the colony. 

8. This parish possessed one-third of the wealth of Georgia, 
and the people were noted for their honesty and determination. 
On the twenty-first of March they held a meeting and declared 
their entire sympathy with all declarations made by the Gen- 
eral Congress, and elected Dr. Lyman Hall to represent them 
in the General Congress. This patriotic act of St. John's par- 
ish was afterwards acknowledged when all the parishes had 
joined in the revolution. By a special act of the Legislature, 
the name of Liberty County was given to the parishes of St. 
John, St. Andrew and St. James. 



GEORGIA IX THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 35 

9. The delegates elected by the Provincial Congress de- 
cided not to attend General Congress, and wrote a letter stating 
their reasons why. They chose not to represent the province 
while it was so undecided and expressed their shame that the 
province had acted in so small a manner. At the next time 
of meeting of the General Assembly no members were present, 
and Governor \\'right prorogued the session until November 7, 
1775. Before that day arrived, however, Georgia had passed 
into the hands of the Republicans. 

10. Now came the news of the affairs at Lexington and 
Concord. General Gage had landed and 3000 British troops 
were in Boston. On the 19th of April, 1775, the battle of 
Lexington was fought. This called for the union of the 
colonies, and brought the Georgia parishes to action. The 
powder magazines at Savannah contained a considerable 
supply. This the people determined to get. May 11, 1775, a 
party of men led by Joseph Habersham broke open the mag- 
azine and took 600 barrels of powder. A portion of this was 
sent to South Carolina and the rest secreted until needed. 
The governor issued a reward for the offenders, but though 
well known they w^ere never captured. 

11. Notwithstanding the unsettled state of affairs Governor 
Wright determined to celebrate the king's birthday. On the 
night before the day appointed for the celebration the citizens 
came together and rolled all the cannon to the bottom of the 
bluff. This was a pointed insult to his majesty. It w^as with 
great labor that some of the cannon were recovered by the 
Royalists in time to fire in the royal ceremonies, amid the 
jeers of the colonists. During these ceremonies the Liberty 
boys erected the first liberty pole in Georgia. This was in 
Savannah, June 5, 1775. On June twenty-first a meeting was 
held for the purpose of bringing about a union of Georgia 
with the other colonies for the cause of freedom. A Council 
of Safety was appointed, the Union flag was hoisted upon 
the Hberty pole and two cannon posted at its base. 



36 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Questions. — i. What did the Assembly of Massachusetts do? 
Who answered ? When did Georgia's Assembly meet and who was speaker ? 
2. When and where did the citizens meet ? What resolutions were passed ? 
What happened in 1770? What effect had this on Georgia? 3. How 
long was Governor Wright absent? Who was president during his 
absence? What trade did Wright make with the Indians upon his return 
to Georgia? 4. What did Parliament do? What effect did this have on 
the colony? 5. What notice did their prominent men sign? Did the 
governor approve? What effect did his disapproval have on the people? 
What resolutions were passed at the meeting and what committee 
appointed? 6. What other meeting was called? Tell something of the 
Royalists. What was Governor Wright's influence? What was the 
position of the "Liberty Boys"? 7. Tell of the Provincial Congress. 
What did Congress do before it adjourned? What parish determined to 
act? 8. What of this parish? How was this act rewarded? 9. What 
did the delegates do? What of the next Assembly? 10. What news 
now came? What did the people determine to get? What of Joseph 
Habersham? ir. What did Governor Wright determine to do? How 
did the citizens behave ? What was done by the " Liberty Boys " during 
the ceremonies? When was the pole erected? What meeting was held 
and what was appointed ? 



CHAPTER XIII. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

1. This public feeling of the people alarmed Governor 
Wright, and he wrote to General Gage for relief for the colony, 
and stating that war vessels were needed, as the ports were 
blocked. His letter never reached its destination. As it 
passed through Charleston the Committee of Safety withdrew 
the letter and substituted another in the same envelope, stating 
that Georgia was quiet and the Royalists needed no help. So 
Georgia secured no assistance from the British. 

2. May 19, 1775, the second Continental Congress met at 
Philadelphia. Peyton Randolph was president. Lyman Hall 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 37 

was Georgia's first representative. George Washington was 
made commander-in-chief of all American forces. 

3. The Provincial Congress which assembled at Savannah, 
July 4, 1775, was Georgia's first secession convention. Every 
parish sent representatives. Archibald Bullock was president 
and George Walton secretary. During this Congress, July 10, 
Captain Maitland's ship, direct from London, and known to 
be loaded with powder, arrived at Tybee. A schooner was 
commissioned by Congress and placed under the command of 
Captain Bowen and Joseph Habersham. Captain Maitland's 
ship was pursued and taken by Captain Bowen. Fourteen 
thousand pounds of powder were captured. Georgia kept 
9000 pounds, and at the earnest request from the Continental 
Congress, sent 5000 pounds to Philadelphia. This Georgia 
schooner was the first vessel ammunitioned for warfare in the 
revolution, and this capture was the first made by order of 
any Congress in America. 

4. November 4, 1775, the Council (which met every Monday) 
ordered a battalion raised for the defense of Georgia. Lachlan 
Mcintosh was appointed colonel. Samuel Habersham, lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and Joseph Habersham, major. 

5. Governor Wright now requested royal permission to 
return to England, and confessed his inability to rule the 
" Liberty people " who had taken the government from him 
by force. He was cheered, however, by the arrival of two 
British men-of-war. They anchored at Tybee on January 12, 
1776, in company with a transport from Boston and a detach- 
ment of royal troops under the command of Majors Maitland 
and Grant. The Council of Safety now determined to strike 
a determined blow, showing kingly rule to be at an end in 
Georgia, and ordered the arrest of Governor Wright. Major 
Habersham with a selected party undertook to secure the 
governor. He passed the sentinel at the door, advanced to 
the governor saying: "You are my prisoner." Astounded at 
this bold movement, the governor surrendered, while his friends 



38 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

hastily left the building. He was placed under arrest and 
guarded, but soon escaped and was taken on board of the 
British ship Scarborough. From this ship he wrote a letter to 
the colonists urging them to beg for pardon from His Majesty, 
and assuring them overtures would be well received. But the 
public cry was for liberty. \xi courtesy the president of the 
Congress replied to that effect. 

6. On the 20th of January, 1776, the Provincial Congress 
was organized by the election of Archibald Bullock as 
president, and John Houston, Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett 
and George Walton were appointed delegates to Congress. 
News of the Declaration of Independence reached Georgia 
in August, 1776. It had been signed July 4 by the delegates 
from all thirteen colonies. George Walton, Button Gwinnett 
and Lyman Hall signed for Georgia. The news was received 
with great rejoicing and the declaration was publicly read. For 
the first time the liberty pole was surmounted with a liberty flag. 

7. A convention was held in Savannah, in October, for 
the purpose of arranging some new form of government. 
February 5, 1777, the first constitution of Georgia was adopted. 
This consisted of sixty-three articles. They declared the final 
separation from the government of Great Britain, and afiirmed 
the principles contained in the Declaration of Independence 
and the Constitution of the United States. They provided 
for three departments of the governing power, the Executive, 
the Legislative and the Judiciary. The governor was made 
commander-in-chief of the army and navy. The Legislature 
was to be chosen annually by ballot of the citizens of the 
respective counties, and was vested with power to elect 
delegates to Congress. These delegates had the right to 
sit as members of the legislative body. The Legislature also 
chose from their own body a Council of two members from 
each county to assist the governor. Freedom of the press and 
trial by jury were incorporated in the articles. The state 
was divided into eight counties, Chatham, Glynn, Efiingham, 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 39 

Richmond, Burke, Camden, Liberty and Wilkes. In each 
county there should be held a Superior Court semi-annually. 
A new seal was chosen. Archibald Bullock, the capable and 
trusted president of the Council, died on the 2 2d of February, 
1777. 

8. On the 4th of March the Council of Safety made 
Button Gwinnett president and commander-in-chief until a 
new governor could be elected. Gwinnett at once planned 
an expedition against Florida. This he undertook to manage 
without the assistance of Mcintosh, who had been made 
brigadier-general of the Georgia forces. Colonels Elbert and 
Baker with their commands nobly assisted Gwinnett, but the 
expedition was badly planned and failed utterly. 

9. May, 1777, John Adams Treutlen was elected governor. 
Gwinnett being the defeated candidate, Mcintosh rejoiced. 
This so incensed Gwinnett that he challenged Mcintosh. A 
duel was fought and Gwinnett was killed. Mcintosh was tried 
and acquitted, but was advised by his friends to leave Georgia 
for a while. General Washington gave him a command in 
Virginia. Colonel Samuel Elbert succeeded to the command 
of the troops of Georgia. More forces were added to his 
troops and called minute men. 

10. John Houston succeeded Treutlen as governor in 
1778. Major-General Howe was appointed commander of 
the southern army. Another expedition against the British 
in Florida was deemed advisable. This, however, proved a 
failure, as the officers did not harmonize, and Howe returned 
to Savannah much disappointed. During the winter of 1778, 
the British war commanders determined to carry the war from 
the Northern to the Southern States. Georgia was to be 
invaded from Florida by General Prevost. Colonel Campbell 
with a heavy force was to make a direct attack from the 
north, and Georgia had little hope between these two forces. 

11. The British landed within two miles of Savannah. 
General Howe had chosen his position well, but failed to 



40 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

protect the rear of his command. While engaged with the 
British in front, he was suddenly attacked from behind and 
the whole army thrown into the utmost confusion. Howe was 
completely defeated and afterwards much censured, for his 
failure to protect the army. The British at once took Savannah. 
The Georgians suffered much at their hands. 

Questions. — i. What alarmed Governor Wright.^ What became 
of his letter.'' 2. Tell of the second Continental Congress. Who was in 
command of American forces? 3. Tell of the Provincial Congress. What 
happened during this Congress? 4. What did the council do? 5. What 
did Governor Wright request ? Why ? What encouraged him ? What of 
the council of safety? How and by whom was Wright arrested? What 
became of him? 6. What was done in January, 1776? Who were 
appointed delegates to Congress? When did Georgia have good news? 
Who had signed for Georgia ? How was this news received ? 7. What 
was done in October? When was the constitution adopted and what was 
it ? What was chosen for the state? Who died at this time? 8. What 
did the council of safety do ? Tell of Gwinnett's expedition against Florida. 
9. Who was the next governor and when elected ? What of Mcintosh 
and Gwinnett? Who succeeded to the command of Georgia troops? 
What was added to the forces? 10. Who was the next governor? Who 
was given command of the southern^ army ? What move did the British 
make? ir. What of Howes' failure? What of Savannah and the 
Georgians ? 



CHAPTER XIV. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

I. Governor Wright returned to Georgia on July 13, 1779, 
and renewed his government. He assured the people of 
pardon if they would return to the British. Many of the 
inhabitants Hocked to the king's standard and gave up the 
so-called " rebel cause." General Lincoln was now sent south 
with troops for the relief of Georgia. The troops from North 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 4I 

and South Carolina numbered about 1200 men. He was 
joined with what was left of Howe's command. 

2. The British continued to make raids on Georgia towns. 
A party of Royalists under Captain Brown was surprised by a 
body of Americans one night and routed. This encouraged 
the people. John Dooley circulated an appeal to the colonists 
to rally. He collected a small band and was at once joined 
by Colonel Pickens with 250 men. This small force, having 
crossed Savannah River, attacked Colonel Hamilton, drove 
him into Carr's Fort and laid siege. But hearing of the 
advance of Boyd, a notorious outlaw, and his men, they were 
compelled to abandon the siege and retreat into Carolina for a 
time. -They afterward succeeded in marching unperceived 
behind Boyd and surprised him with an attack. Boyd was 
killed and his command dispersed. 

3. General Lincoln had 5000 men, and by wise management 
was recovering many lost fortunes. Unfortunately just at this 
time General Ash, who was at Brier Creek with about 800 men, 
was surprised by General Prevost and overwhelmingly defeated. 
Lincoln's whole campaign was upset by this disaster and 
the British continued in possession of Savannah for some 
months. 

4. The Council and Legislature had been moved to Augusta 
when Savannah was taken. When the time came for the 
election of a governor there was not a quorum present, but the 
members elected John Wereat president, with power to govern 
the state. Brigadier-General Lachlan Mcintosh now returned 
to Georgia and was placed second in command to General 
Lincoln. 

5. Georgia now determined to call upon the French for aid. 
Count D'Estaing, with a French fleet was in the West Indies. 
In response to an appeal from General Lincoln for aid to 
recover Savannah, he sailed and arrived September 8, 1779, with 
twenty line-of-battle ships, two gun ships and eleven frigates. 
General Prevost, hearing of the arrival, ordered all outposts 



42 THE HISTORY OF fiEORGIA. 

to fall back into Savannah, and proceeded to fortify the city. 
When Count D'Estaing sent a demand for the surrender of the 
city, Prevost asked for a truce of twenty-four hours. During 
this time he completed his defence, and was strongly reinforced 
by Maitland and his men. General Lincoln joined D'Estaing 
and they placed the city in siege. 

6. Short skirmishes and continued cannonading was kept 
up. D'Estaing, wishing to save time, finally determined to 
capture the city by assault. October 9 the attack was made. 
General Hughes was ordered to attack the enemy on the left. 
The British, however, being on the watch, drove him back with 
heavy fire. Count D'Estaing advanced with his men and 
penetrated the intrenchments. At this critical moment he was 
wounded and borne from the battle-field and his men were 
driven back. The American columns under the command of 
Colonel Laurens, and assisted by Count Pulaski and his men, 
assaulted Spring Hill. It was a brave trial. The ditch was 
finally crossed and the flag of South Carolina planted on the 
slope by Sergeant Jasper. The parapet, however, was too high 
for them to scale, and under the heavy fire they were compelled 
to retreat. Seeing that a shot had cut down the flag he 
had planted, Jasper seized it and again planted the flag 
on the same spot. At this battle he was mortally wounded. 

7. Count Pulaski with two hundred men attempted to force a 
passage through the enemy's works. He gallantly advanced, 
but at the moment of victory a heavy fire from the batteries 
confused his men. Pulaski was struck by a canister shot and 
borne from the field to die. So ended the bloody battle. The 
Americans lost everything they had hoped to gain and retreated 
with heavy loss and despair. Count D'Estaing at once set sail 
for France. 

8. Clinton, now in command of the British, sent out three 
expeditions. Charleston and Augusta were taken, and a final 
endeavor was made to subjugate the southern colonies. Many 
Georgians, being hopeless, joined the Royalists. Still there 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 43 

were men who would not abandon their cause. Colonel Clarke 
collected 150 men and joined Colonel Williams, who had a 
party of Carolinians. They at once called for troops to assist 
in retaking Augusta. Five hundred men were finally gathered 
and marched upon Augusta. They attacked the town on three 
sides. Major Taylor attacked the Indians' camp. This drew 
the British to their aid and left the city unguarded on two 
sides. The other two divisions of Clarke's men entered and 
the town was soon occupied by them. The enemy took refuge 
in a strong building called Seymore's white house. Clarke laid 
siege to the place, and the British, being in a state of starvation, 
were about to surrender when Colonel Cruger arrived with a 
strong force for their relief. Colonel Clarke hastily raised the 
siege, though many of his men were taken prisoners. Colonel 
Cruger took Augusta without opposition. 

9. 1780 found Georgia in sore distress. Ruin stared the 
rebels in the face. The pay of a captain for one month was 
not enough to buy him a pair of shoes, and food and clothing 
was scantily furnished for the soldiers. Clarke departed with 
his troops into Carolina and did good service in the battles of 
Kings Mountain and Cowpens. 1781, General Nathaniel 
Greene succeeded General Gates in command of the Southern 
army. This skilled leader marched his troops south, gaining 
victories, and drove the enemy to their strongholds, Augusta 
and Savannah. 

10. Clarke now planned again the capture of Augusta, and 
set out from Carolina with a large body of patriots. Arriving 
near Augusta he was joined by General Pickens of South 
Carolina, and Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee (father of Robert 
E. Lee). Lee brought with him troops from the Northern 
States. The first attack was made upon Fort Gilpin, at Silver 
Bluff. The fort soon surrendered, and 106 prisoners were 
taken. Augusta was protected by Forts Grierson and Corn- 
wallis, and the British commanders placed themselves at 
these points and awaited the attack. 



44 'JTHE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

11. General Pickens opened fire May 24. 1781. After a 
severe struggle the enemy signed articles of surrender, June 
5, 1 78 1, and under agreement their troops were escorted to 
Savannah. Augusta was again occupied by Americans. Major 
James Jackson was left in command. Pickens and Lee joined 
General Green at the north. August 16, 1781, the General 
Assembly met in Augusta. Dr. Nathan Brownson was elected 
governor. Many people now flocked to the American side and 
the Georgians again grew hopeful of liberty. The enemy 
occupied only two outposts, Ebenezer and Ogeechee. These 
towns Major James Jackson and Colonel Twiggs attacked and 
forced the enemy to return to Savannah. 

12. General Washington gained the victory over Cornwallis 
at Yorktown, October 19, 1781, and so the war was virtually at 
an end. January, 1782, the General Assembly at Augusta 
elected as governor, John Martin. In January General Greene 
sent General Wayne into Georgia to take command of the 
Georgia forces. The state was in a miserable condition. There 
was scarcely anything to eat. General Wayne had hard work 
to support his men. May 23, 1782, he received an express 
containing the Acts of Parliament, desiring a reconciliation 
between the two forces and ordering the evacuation of 
Savannah. July 21, 1782, the British troops left Savannah and 
General Wayne entered and took possession of the city. The 
treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States 
was signed at Paris, November 30, 1782. 

13. This war lasted seven years. But now Great Britain 
declared America to be free, and the United States had an in- 
dependent government. 

Questions. — i. When did Governor Wright return.? Of what did 
he assure the people ? What of the troops for the relief of Georgia ? 
2. What of the British ? What did John Dooley do.? Why was the siege 
abandoned.? What was their success later.? 3. Tell of Generals Lincoln 
and Ash. 4. What of the council and legislature .? Who was elected 
president and who placed in command of troops .? 5. Who did Georgia 



YAZOO FRAUD. 45 

ask for aid ? What response did the fVench give ? What were General 
Provost's movements? Who joined D'Estaing? 6. Tell of the attack. 
Who assisted Colonel Laurens.^ Tell of the heroism of a South Carolina 
man. What of Count Pulaski ? 8. What did Clinton do ? What of the 
Georgians.? What of Colonels Clarke and Williams? What town did 
they attack and with what success ? 9. What was the condition of 
Georgia? Who succeeded General (iates and what was his success? 
10. What did Clarke now propose to do? Who assisted him? Tell of 
the attack. 11. W^here and by whom was the fight begun? Tell of the 
success. When and where did General Assembly meet and who was made 
governor? 12. What battle ended the war ? Who was elected governor 
in 17S2 ? AVho was sent to take charge of the Georgia troops and in what 
condition did he find them ? What act of Parliament was secured ? 



CHAPTER XV. 

YAZOO FRAUD. 

1. The General Assembly met at Savannah, January 9, 
1783. Lyman Hall was elected governor. In May of the 
same year the Council resolved to move the capital to Augusta, 
so it would be nearer the center of the state. All the property 
owned by the Royalists was seized and sold for the benefit of 
the state. More territory was bought from the Cherokee 
Indians and the counties of Franklin and Washington added 
to the state. Legislature granted a charter for the Richmond 
Academy at Augusta. 

2. January, 1784, John Houston was elected governor. The 
same year a resolution was adopted requiring a grant of eight 
land warrants of 5000 acres each, to establish a state college. 
1785 a board of visitors and a board of trustees was appointed. 
The place first chosen for the college was in Green County, 
where Greensboro now is, but the site was finally changed to 
Jackson County. 

3. The Land Act was passed in 1784 and the Land Court 
was established to investigate claims for land. A large tract 



4-6 THE HISTORY OF (;P:ORGIA. 

of land had been taken for a debt from the Indians and called 
Wilkes County. This was to be donated to those who had 
served in the war or been faithful to the cause. Twenty 
thousand acres were offered to Count D'Estaing as a token 
of appreciation for his services. 

4. 1785, Samuel Elbert was elected governor. 1786, Edward 
Telfair was elected governor. During these two administra- 
tions the state was annoyed by threatened invasions from 
the Indians on the frontier. Congress changed the money 
from pounds, shillings and pence to dollars, dimes and 
cents. 

5. 1787, George Matthews was made governor. The bound- 
ary line between Georgia and South Carolina was settled. A 
federal convention met and framed a new Constitution for the 
United States, to take the place of the Articles of Confeder- 
ation. Georgia sent delegates to Philadelphia, and was the 
fourth state to enter the Union. 1788, George Handly was 
elected governor. The Constitution of the state was revised. 
It gave to the state a Senate and to the governor the veto 
power and enlarged the right of suffrage. 1789, George 
Walton was elected governor. The revised Constitution was 
adopted. George Washington was made President of the 
United States and John Adams Vice-President. 1790, Edward 
Telfair was elected governor. Under the new Constitution the 
state was divided into three Congressional districts. 

6. 1 791, George Washington made a tour of the Southern 
States. Eli Whitney, who lived near Savannah, invented the 
cotton gin. This increased the cultivation of cotton in the 
state. The population of Georgia was now 84,000. 

7. 1793, George Matthews was elected governor. During 
his administration he had much trouble with one General 
Clarke and the Indians. This difficulty was finally settled 
with the aid of troops. 1795, a constitutional convention was 
held in Louisville, Jefferson County, some changes were made 
and Louisville declared to be the seat of government. 



YAZOO FRAUD. 4/ 

8. 1796, Jared Irwin was chosen governor. A treaty was 
made with the Creek Indians. By numerous treaties with the 
Indians, Georgia was in possession, or claimed the right of 
possession, of all the land reaching to the Mississippi. On 
this river there was a large tract named Yazoo, for the tribe of 
Indians who had once owned it. There was a company formed 
in South Carolina called the South Carolina Yazoo Company. 
They desired to buy this land from Georgia. Companies from 
Virginia and Tenessee also applied to the Georgia Legislature 
for grants of these Yazoo lands. Finally a Georgia Yazoo 
Company was formed. The agents of these companies worked 
hard to bring about this sale, putting forth in glowing terms 
the advantages to Georgia. A bill was introduced into the 
House providing for the sale at one cent per acre. But 
Matthews, who was then governor, opposed the passage of any 
bill granting these lands. The bill passed the House but he 
vetoed it. The same bill was then introduced into the Senate 
with a different title. This fraudulent bill passed and was 
signed by the governor. Many prominent men were in the 
scheme. The passage of this bill caused great indignation, 
and the governor was so severely censured that when the 
Legislature assembled he advised a repeal of the Yazoo act. 

9. 1796, Jared Irwin was elected governor. He caused a 
thorough investigation of the fraud. The committee reported 
''that the scheme was a nullity itself and not binding or 
obligatory upon the people of the state." A bill was at once 
put before the House known as the Rescinding Act. This 
passed and was signed by the governor February 13, 1796. 
The companies interested in the Yazoo lands now united in 
a powerful effort to defeat the act. After controversies that 
lasted several years, the Congress of the United States settled 
the affair by causing Georgia to cede the lands, now owned by 
Alabama and Mississippi to the United States. 

Questions. — i. When and where did the General Assembly meet 
and who was elected governor? When was the capital moved? How 



48 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA, 



was the state improved? What charter was granted? 2. \Vho was 
the next governor and when elected? What resolution was adopted? 
3. What act was passed? To whom was land offered? 4. Who and 
when was the next governor elected ? Who was elected governor in 1786? 
What of their administrations? 5. 1784, who was made governor? Tell 
of his administration ? Who was governor in 178S and what of his admin- 
istration? Who were governors in 1789-90 and what of importance 
during their administrations? 6. What of the year 1791 ? What was 
Georgia's population? 7. When was Matthews elected? Tell of his 
administration. 8. When and who was the next governor elected ? What 
treaties were made with the Indians? What was the Yazoo Fraud? 
9. Who was the next governor? Tell of his administration. 



CHAPTER XVI, 



GREAT SEAL OF STATE ADOPTED. 



I. 1798, General James Jackson was elected governor. Ten 
years before this he had been offered this high position, 

but declined upon the 
plea of his youth. 
1799, the state Legis- 
lature met at Louisville 
in Jefferson County. 
Twenty-five senators 
and seventy representa- 
tives, represented the 
twenty-four counties. 
An interesting part of 
their work was the 
adoption of a new great 
seal of state — the same 
now in use — with 
Wisdom, Justice and Moderation upon its pillars. The 
judiciary system was revised. General elections were to 




GREAT SEAL OF STATE ADOPTED. 



49 



be held first Monday in October and members of Congress 
elected, every two years. 

2. The death of George Washington, December 14, 1799, 
caused much grief in all the states. General Clarke died 
the same month, and Georgia had a double sorrow. John 
Adams was now President and the people were divided 
into two parties. This was caused by a difference of opinion 
as to the Constitution of the United States. John Adams led 
the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson the Republicans. In 
1800, when the new election was held, Georgia voted for 
Jefferson, who was elected. 

3. 1 80 1, Josiah Tatnall was made governor of Georgia. The 
state university, called Franklin College, was now opened, 
Professor Josiah Meigs of Yale College was made president. 
1802, John Milledge was made gov- 
ernor. He gave 700 acres of land in 
Jackson County to the state university. 
Some of this land was sold and Athens 
built upon it. 

Questions concerning the Mississippi 
territory had long agitated the public 
mind. Commissioners were appointed 
by the state and the United States to 
adjust these matters, and upon their ac- 
tion Georgia ceded to the United States 
all her territory south of Tennessee 
and west of the Chattahoocha up to the ° " ' e ge. 

great bend, thence west of a line to Nickajack Creek. For 
this territory the United States were to pay $1,250,000, and 
extinguish the Indian title to lands in Georgia as soon as 
it could be peaceably done. Georgia's population was now 
165,000. Among her exports were rice, indigo, tobacco, corn, 
cotton, leather, live stock and lumber. 

4. During this year, Colonel Benjamin Hawkins, who was 
agent for Indian affairs, arranged a treaty at Fort Wilkinson 




50 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

and negotiated a sale of lands from the Creeks to Georgia. 
1803, Legislature divided the lands obtained from the Creeks 
into three counties: Wayne, Wilkinson and Baldwin. There 
were two systems of dividing the lands among the people, the 
land lottery and the head-rights system. By the latter any 
citizen was allowed to select and occupy a small body of 
unoccupied land. By the former a regular system of land 
tickets and blanks were drawn for. 

5. An act was also passed by Legislature to provide a 
suitable spot for a new town, destined to be the capital of the 
state and to be called Milledgeville in honor of John Milledge, 
governor. 

6. Georgia gave to the United States five acres of land at 
St. Simons for the erection of a light-house. Savannah, Bruns- 
wick, Darien and St. Mary's were the principal ports. 1805, 
General James Jackson, who was then senator from Georgia, 
died in Washington. On his tomb in the Congressional bury- 
ing-ground at Washington is the following inscription : " To 
the memory of Major-General Jackson of Georgia, who deserved 
and enjoyed the confidence of a grateful country. A soldier of 
the revolution." 

7. 1806, Jared Irwin was elected governor. William H. 
Crawford and John Milledge were senators. 1807, Telfair, 
who had twice been governor of Georgia, died. Georgia, 
during this year, determined to settle the long-disputed bound- 
ary line between Georgia and North Carolina. Three thousand 
dollars was appropriated. North Carolina refused to assist in 
the survey. So Congress appointed United States commis- 
sioners, and Endicott of Georgia marked out the line. More 
land was purchased from the Indians and the counties of 
Morgan, Jones, Putnam, Laurens and Telfair were added to 
the state. Legislature held its first meeting in the new capitol 
at Milledgeville this year. 

8. 1808, James Madison was elected President. The African 
slave trade was prohibited in the United States. 1809, David 



GREAT SEAL OF STATE ADOPTED. 5 I 

B. Mitchell was in the office of governor. Legislature passed 
an act to clear the Savannah, Broad, Oconee and Ogeechee 
Rivers. There were no steamboats yet in Georgia, and nearly 
all the trade was done by small boats. 1810, the Bank of 
Augusta was incorporated. This was the first bank in Georgia, 

9. 18 1 2, the United States was forced to take part in the 
English and French war. Both of these countries had 
threatened to capture American vessels. The arrogance of 
England was especially insulting. In 1807, a British man-of- 
war fired upon the Chesapeake, killed three men, captured the 
vessel and pressed certain sailors into their service. 

10. War was felt to be imminent, and Georgia declared 
herself "strong in independence." By an act of Congress all 
commerce between the United States and England and France 
was prohibited. In 1809, England determined to force a 
cotton trade with South Carolina and Georgia, and several 
British vessels anchored off Tybee Island. When their purpose 
was known they were ordered off. Before putting to sea they 
fired upon the American vessels in harbor. To make matters 
worse, the Indians in the northwest, under the influence of 
their British agents, became hostile, and made raids upon the 
settlers. Many other insults committed by the British deter- 
mined the United States upon a declaration of war. 18 12, 
the second war for independence began. 

Questions. — • i. Who was governor in 179S? When did the legis- 
lature meet? What was their work? 2. What deaths are spoken of? 
How were the people divided ? 3. Who was next governor ? What 
university was opened ? When was Milledge made governor and what did 
he do for the-state university? Tell of the Mississippi territory. What 
did the United States agree to pay for this territory? What of Georgia's 
population and exports ? 4. What treaty was made and by whom ? How 
was the land divided ? 5. What act was passed ? 6. W^hat did Georgia 
give the United States? What were Georgia's principal ports? Tell of 
General James Jackson's death, 7. Who was next governor and when 
elected? Who were the Senators? What was done in 1807? What 
counties were added to the state ? 8. What of affairs in the United 



52 THE IIISTORV OF (iEORGIA. 

States? What act was passed? What was clone in iSio? 9. 1812, what 
was the United States forced to do? 10. What stand did Georgia take? 
What causes brought about the war? What of the Indians? When did 
the second war for independence begin ? 



CHAPTER XVII. 

WAR OF I 81 2. 

1. The Legislature of Georgia appropriated $30,000 for the 
equipment of troops and protection. Governor Mitchell was 
appointed by the President to settle the difficulties arising from 
the Indians. The Seminole Indians in East Florida, urged by 
the Spanish and British, commenced hostilities upon Georgia. 
Adjutant-General Newman planned an expedition against 
them. Many volunteers came forward and the war began. 
After hard fighting and many hardships endured by the 
soldiers in the forests, these Indians were subdued. 

2. The Creek Indians on the Southern frontier, influenced 
by the Spanish and British, now commenced hostilities. 
Governor Mitchell, for better protection, erected ten forts in 
Twiggs, Telfair and Pulaski counties. They were hardly 
finished when 700 Creeks surprised Fort Mims and massacred 
300 men, women and children. The troops of Georgia and 
Tennessee were ordered out, and General John Floyd put in 
command. He divided his men, and attacking the two 
principal towns of the Creeks at the same time, drove the 
Indians from their towns and burned their homes. This was 
on November 29, 1813. Floyd now returned to the forts. 
No other assault was made until 18 14. The Upper Creeks 
had gathered in great numbers at Hotle Craulee. Floyd 
attacked this place, and the battle of Challibbee was fought, 
in which the whites were victorious. 

3. The Creeks were now desirous of peace, and a treaty 
was made August 9, 18 14. The Indians ceded an immense 



WAR OF I 8 12, 53 

tract of land, and the counties of Early, Baker, Irwin, Appling 
and Ware, were added to Georgia. 

4. The war with the British still continued in the United 
States. The last battle was fought in Georgia, January 11, 
18 1 5. Nineteen vessels of the British landed their men on 
Cumberland. They were met in a narrow defile by Captain 
Messias and a few men and driven back. Before the battle 
was renewed the news of the treaty of peace between the two 
countries, which was signed at Paris, reached them, and the 
British departed these coasts. 

5. 18 1 4, Samuel Howard succeeded in placing steam 
navigation on the rivers of Georgia. 18 15, David B. Mitchell 
was elected governor. 1816, an act for the maintenance and 
protection of aged slaves passed the Legislature. Also an act 
to care for the convicts. This was called the penal act. A 
part of this code prohibited the introduction of slaves by 
traders for speculation. 

6. Out of the land Georgia had ceded to the United States 
two new states had been formed, and in 18 17 Mississippi 
joined the Union. Alabama came in two years later. Governor 
Mitchell was now appointed by the new President, James 
Monroe, as agent for Indian affairs in the South. He resigned 
the governorship and William Rabun filled his place and in 
due time was elected governor. Mitchell soon acquired a 
wonderful influence over the Creeks and gained a cession 
of more land. This was divided into the counties of Newton, 
DeKalb, Gwinnett, Walton, Hall and Habersham. Governor 
Rabun spent the money in the treasury for the improvement of 
navigation of rivers and to promote education and free schools. 

7. The Seminoles on the frontier now began hostilities 
again. Governor Rabun sent to the war department for aid. 
Major-General Gaines was put in command and his troops 
were joined at Fort Montgomery by 600 Creek warriors. 
Three battles were fought and the Indian war was over and 
the Indians driven away. 18 18, the boundary line between 



54 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Georgia and Tennessee was drawn by commissioners. The 
chiefs of some of the Cherokee nations held a conference with 
the Indian agent of the United States to arrange for an 
exchange of their lands in Georgia for lands beyond the 
Mississippi, so they might have more room. 

8. In this year a Savannah company had a ship built in New 
York called the Strranuah. This ship left the port of Savannah 
for England, and was the tirst steamer to cross the Atlantic. 
1819, Florida and all the lands owned by the Spanish were 
ceded to the United States. And so Georgia was protected 
from her foes. Another treaty between the Cherokees and the 
United States was made, and the lands gained by Georgia were 
divided between Habersham and Hall Counties and Rabun 
County was added to the state. 

Questions. — i. What did legislature do? Who was appointed 
to manage the Indians ? What of the Seminoles ? Who was to go 
against them? What success did he have? 2. What of the Creek 
Indians? What did Governor Mitchell do for protection? What of 
the first attack of the Indians ? How were they subdued ? What of 
the upper Creeks ? What battle was fought ? 3. What treaty was made ? 
What did the Indians cede? 7. What war continued? When and where 
was the last battle ? 8. What was done in 1814 ? Who was next governor? 
What acts were passed ? What was prohibited ? 9. What two states were 
formed ? Who was made agent for Indian affairs ? Who was governor 
in his stead? What- influence did 'he have over the Indians? What 
counties were added to Georgia? 10. Tell of the Seminoles. What did 
Governor Rabun do? What battles fought? What of importance in 
1818? II. What of a Savannah company ? What lands were ceded in 
18 19, and how were these lands divided ? 



. CHAPTER XVni. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF CLARKE, TROUP, AND GILMER. 

I. 18 19, there was a hot canvass and fight for the next 
governor. Politics was divided and two parties were formed, 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF CLARKE, TROUP, AND GILMER. 55 

one led by George M. Troup and the other by General John 
Clarke. The excitement was great, and the contest close, but 
Clarke was finally elected, though much feeling continued 
through the administration. Savannah suffered much from a 
lung fever and a yellow-fever scourge. 

2. Georgia continued to urge the United States to send the 
Creeks and the remaining tribes of Cherokees out of her 
borders, and expressed indignation at the postponement of the 
promise to provide for the Indians elsewhere. The government 
thus urged, began to settle the claims between Georgia and the 
Indians. The lands owned by the Creeks and the Cherokees 
were mostly upon the Chattahoochee River, and the commis- 
sioners of the United States held a meeting to induce the 
Indians to cede more of these lands to Georgia. This meeting 
was a failure, as the Indians became suspicious that the whites 
were trying to drive them from their homes. 

3. Another election for governor was held November 6, 
1823. The excitement was intense between the two parties, 
which were led by Troup and Matthew Talbot. The ballot 
resulted in the election of Troup. 
George M. Troup was born at Mcin- 
tosh Bluff, Ga., graduated at Prince- 
ton, adopted the profession of law, 
and at the age of twenty-one was 
sent to the Legislature from Chatham 
County. He was chosen to Congress 
in 1806 as a Jeffersonian Democrat, 
and held his seat until 18 15. 18 16, 
he became United States senator. In 
1823, governor of Georgia. He was 
returned to the Senate in 1828, but 
soon retired on account of ill health. ^^°'^^ ^ ^^°^P' 
Troup was one of the grandest men Georgia has ever produced. 
His integrity was unquestionable, and he was a strong advocate 
of state rights. 




56 



THK HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



4. October, 1825, Troup was re-elected governor of Georgia. 
During his admniistration he worked much good for Georgia. 
The judiciary system and the penitentiary arrangement were 
revised and the militia improved. But his greatest work was 
with the Indians. Notwithstanding the violent opposition of 
the President, he concluded the treaty with the Creek Indians 
and secured all their lands in the state of Georgia. He also 
urged the necessity of a fixed and certain boundary line between 
Georgia and Alabama. Georgia commissioners did the work 
and the line was finally adopted by Alabama. 

5. The lands gained 
by the last treaty with 
the Indians were divid- 
ed into the counties 
of Muscogee, Troup, 
Coweta and Carroll. 

6. Governor Troup 
declined to be a can- 
didate for re-election. 
1827, John Forsyth was 
made governor without 
opposition. Forsyth 
was born in Virginia, 
1 78 1, and was brought 
to Georgia at the age 
of four years. He was 
elected attorney-general 
in 1804, sent to Con- 
gress in I 8 I 2, was 
United States senator 
in 1 8 18, was sent as 

minister to Spain in 1820, was elected governor of Georgia in 
1827, and afterwards was made Secretary of State under 
Presidents Jackson and Van Buren. 

7. The next governor of Georgia was George R. (}ilmer, 




ADMINISTRATIONS OF CLARKE, TROUP, AND GILMER. 5/ 

who was elected in 1829. Gilmer was born in Wilkes County, 
1790. He early began the practice of law, was made 
lieutenant in the 43d U. S. Infantry and served against the 
Creeks, 18 15. Served in the Legislature; was sent to Con- 
gress as a Democrat, 18 18, and again in 1827, and was then 
made governor of Georgia. 

8. 1829, Congress passed an act for the removal of the 
remaining Indians from Georgia. The Cherokee tribes refused 
to leave, and continued to commit many criminal outrages. 
So Georgia was compelled to claim jurisdiction over all the 
lands in order to exert some control over the Indians who 
dwelt upon them. George Tassel, a Cherokee, was arrested 
charged with murder. He was tried, found guilty and sen- 
tenced to be hung. His counsel appealed to the Supreme 
Court of the United States, and Governor Gilmer was sum- 
moned to appear before that court. This he refused to 
do, and ordered Tassel to be executed. This order was 
obeyed. 

9. In 1828 gold was discovered in Habersham, Hall and 
Cherokee Counties. The mining fever captured the state. 
The diggers, disregarding the laws, crossed the Chattahoochee 
and began mining on the Indian territory. This caused much 
strife and Governor Gilmer found it necessary to use force to 
stop the trouble. Major Wayne was put in command of a 
company of infantry, and succeeded in quelling the riot. He 
seized the miners and put them in confinement until they 
promised obedience to the laws. The General Assembly now 
passed a law that all white men found living on the Cherokee 
lands without proper permission, should be imprisoned for four 
years. Several men determined to disregard this law. They 
called themselves missionaries, and fixed their homes on the 
Cherokee lands. They were seized, tried and imprisoned, and 
at once engaged counsel and brought suit against Georgia. 
Before the case could be brought to an end the missionaries 
wrote a letter to Governor Gilmer acknowledging the authority 



58 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

of Georgia and desiring to be released. The governor ordered 
their release. 

lo, 1830, the medical college at Augusta was chartered. 
Wilson Lumpkin was elected governor in 183 1. He was 
brought to this state from Virginia in 1784, being then one 
year of age. He served the state often and well, and was the 
surveyor of the boundary line between Georgia and Florida. 
During his administration he recommended the surveying of 
the Cherokee lands. This excited great opposition among the 
Indians, but the survey was completed. 

Questions. — i. What of the next election? 2. What did Georgia 
wish done .'' Did the government do this? What meeting was held 
and with what success? 3. Tell of the next election for Governor. 
What of Troup ? 4. Tell of his two administrations. What was his 
greatest work ? What law was made ? 5. WTiat land was divided ? 6. Who 
was next governor, and when elected ? Tell of Forsyth's successful 
life. 7. What of George R. Gilmer? 8. What act was passed in 1829? 
What of the Cherokees? WHiat did Georgia do? 9. What excitement 
in 1828? What of Major Wayne? What law was passed by General 
Assembly? Tell of the so-called missionaries. 10. WHiere and when 
was a medical college chartered? Tell of the next governor and his 
administration. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUMPKIN, SCHLEY, AND GILMER. 

I. The tariff question was now the cause of much excitement 
in the Union. Congress had imposed duties upon certain 
imports and exports. Georgia and other Southern States 
resolutely opposed these duties. Legislature met and a reso- 
lution was passed, " that some measures should be devised to 
redress the grievances of the South," and a set of resolutions 
against the tariff bill was framed. South Carolina had resolved 
to withdraw from the Union unless the protective policy was 
abandoned soon. Henry Clay of Kentucky, proposed a com- 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUMPKIN, SCHLEY, AND GILMER. 59 

promise to Congress. This was adopted and the oppressive 
tariff was removed. 

2. 1833, Governor Lumpkin was again elected governor. 
The two political parties in Georgia now styled themselves the 
States Rights party and the Union party. Their differences 
were chiefly upon states rights. The Cherokee Indians became 
so troublesome that Governor Lumpkin found it necessary to 
put more troops along the borders. 

3. February, 1835, the Cherokee nation sent two men to 
Washington for the purpose of forming a treaty. One deputy 
was John Ross, who was opposed to emigration. The other 
was John Ridge, in favor of it. Ross, in behalf of his party, 
offered to cede lands in Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee to 
the United States for the sum of $20,000,000. The govern- 
ment refused this offer and appointed Mr. Schermerhorn to 
confer with Ridge, and see what arrangement could be 
made. A compromise was finally effected with Ridge's party, 
and, after violent opposition, accepted by Ross and his party. 

4. The principal points of this treaty were as follows: the 
Cherokees were to relinquish all claim to lands east of the 
Mississippi. In return they were to receive 7,000,000 acres 
west of the Mississippi. The government was to remove them 
to their new homes and support them for one year, and give 
$100,000 yearly for the poor of the nation. The Indians were 
also promised the protection of the United States. They were 
not to leave Georgia before two years had passed. 

5. 1835, t^^^ Union party elected William Schley as governor. 
He came to Georgia from Maryland, was admitted to the bar 
and became a successful lawyer. Soon after his election the 
Seminole Indians in Florida declared war, because the govern- 
ment had endeavored to move them west of the Mississippi. 
Wiley Thompson, who was then United States agent for the 
tribe. Major Dale and ninety men were murdered. 

6. General Winfield Scott and his men marched against the 
Indians and the strife lasted for months. The Creeks hearino; 



6o THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

of this outbreak made war again upon Georgia. They gathered 
in great numbers and committed terrible murders on the 
border settlements. The people tied their homes and flocked 
to the adjacent towns for protection. Governor Schley 
took the command of troops, and establishing his head- 
quarters at Columbia, made every preparation to check 
the invasion. General Scott soon came to the rescue. 
After several skirmishes many hundreds of the Creeks gave 
themselves up. These were sent west of the Mississippi 
to Arkansas. The war still continued with the remaining 
tribes. May, 1836, they attacked the small town of Roanoke, 
on the Chattahoochee River, and forcing the inhabitants to 
retreat, burned the whole village, together with two boats, the 
Georgiana and the Hypernia, which were anchored near. 
After many other horrible crimes they attempted to join the 
Seminoles in Florida. The militia and a company of cavalry 
marched against them, and after two desperate battles they 
were defeated. The chiefs now were anxious for peace. As 
soon as possible they were sent to the Indian Territory and 
the state was freed of the Creeks. 

7. 1836, a charter was obtained for the first railway in 
Georgia. This was to run from Macon to Savannah. The 
Legislature this year also passed an act recommending 
that a state railroad be built with state funds. So a railroad 
was built from the Chattahoochee to the Tennessee, and called 
the State Road or Western and Atlantic. Its eastern terminus 
was subsequently fixed at Atlanta and its northwestern at 
Chattanooga. 1837, Emory College was founded at Oxford, 
and named for Bishop Emory of the Methodist church. 

8. October, 1837, George B. Gilmer was again elected 
governor by the States Rights party. Wilson Lumpkin 
defeated Judge Berrien for the United States Senate. Georgia 
now proceeded to take possession of the lands gained by the 
treaty with the Cherokees two years before. General Scott 
was put in command of the troops. The Indians were collected. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUMPKIN, SCHLEY, AND GILMER. 6 1 

1560 marched to Ross Landing on the Tennessee River, and 
these were put in charge of other troops and Georgia's men 
dismissed. The Indians from other points had collected, and 
in September, 1838, 14,000 started to their territory. They 
were well fed and protected, but nearly 4000 died before the 
end of the journey. 

9. 1838, Mercer University secured a charter and was 
founded at Penfield, by the Baptists, but was afterwards 
moved to Macon. 1839, the first 
female college was founded in Macon 
and called the Georgia Female College. 
Its name was afterwards changed to 
Wesleyan College. Bishop Pierce was 
made the first president. This college 
is said to be the first chartered female 
college in the world. 

10. 1839, Charles McDonald was 
elected governor by the Union party. 
He was born in South Carolina and 
came to this state to practice law, and 
was elected judge of the Fhnt circuit. ^'^'"^ '■ '''^°°^^" 
1830, he represented Bibb County in the Legislature. Then 
was state senator and now became governor of Georgia. 

Questions. — i. What excited the union? What resolution was 
passed? What did Congress finally do? 2. Who was made governor in 
1S33, and what two political parties were there? What of the Indians? 
3. Tell of the Cherokees. 4. What were the principal points of this treaty? 
5. Who was next governor? What trouble with the Indians? Who was 
Indian agent, and what was his fate. 6. Who marched against the Indians, 
and how long did the strife last ? What effect had this on the Creeks ? What 
of Governor Schley? Who came to the rescue, and what was the result? 
Did this end the war? Where were the Creeks sent? 7. What charter 
was obtained ? What act passed? What of Emory College? 8. Who 
was elected governor in 1837, and by what party? Who went to the 
senate? Tell of the departure of the Cherokees. 9. What year was 
Mercer University chartered ? When was the first female college chartered, 
and what name does it now bear? What is said of the college? 10. Who 
was made governor, 1S39? Tell of his life. 




62 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



CHAPTER XX. 



MEXICAN WAR. 



1. 1840, found the Union in a miserable condition. There 
was no money to be had and the credit of the state was ahnost 
gone. The people were deeply in debt and the government 
was called upon to devise some means for relief. The 
President called an extra session of Congress; and an act was 
passed establishing what was called the Sub-Treasury system, 
and $10,000,000 in treasury notes were issued. Georgia banks 
stopped specie payments and the scarcity of money was very 
great. Many necessaries of life rose in price and cotton was 
sold for four cents a pound. 

2. This stringency in money affairs did not affect the tide 
of immigration into the state. The country which had been 
occupied by the Cherokees now began to be settled. Many 
people from Virginia and Carolina moved here and new towns 

were started. The state had made 
great progress in education. There 
were as many as 8000 children in 
academies, besides those at private 
schools. 

3. There was at this time 636 miles 
of railroad, finished and unfinished, in 
Georgia. The population was 691,392. 

4. The presidential election now 
caused great excitement in Georgia. 
The Union party called themselves 
the Democratic party, and supported 
Van Buren. The States Rights party, 

called the Whigs, were for Harrison. Harrison was elected, 
but died one month after he took the oath of office. Vice- 
President John Tyler of Virginia, became President. John 
McPherson Berrien and Alfred Cuthbert were sent to the 
United States Senate from Georgia. 




John McPherson Berrien. 




ROBERT TOOMBS 



MEXICAN WAR. 



65 



5. 1 84 1, McDonald was re-elected governor. He was chiefly 
occupied with measures for the financial relief of the people. 
A new bank was established in Savannah, called the Central 
Bank, and many of the banks in the state resumed specie 
payments. The governor declared against any increase of 
taxation and borrowed from the Central Bank to meet the 
public debt. 

6. Legislature passed an act for establishing a lunatic 
asylum. In 1842 this asylum, at Milledgeville, received its 
first patient. Both white and colored were admitted. During 
this year Dr. Crawford Long, a Georgian, discovered the 
anesthetic power of ether. He was duly honored and 
his portrait placed on the walls of the House of Representa- 
tives. 

7. 1843, the Whigs urged the election of George W. Crawford 
for governor. The Democrats nominated Mark A. Cooper. 
Crawford was elected. He was a bril- 
liant lawyer and served the state well. 
His administration greatly improved 
money affairs in the state. Legis- 
lature this year passed a bill reducing 
the number of senators to 47 and the 
representatives to 130. 

8. Georgia sent to Congress King, 
Poe, Stephens and Toombs as Whigs ; 
Jones, Harralson, Lumpkin and Cobb 
as Democrats. Henry Clay was the 
Whig nominee for President and was 
defeated by James K. Polk. Georgia 
gave Polk a large majority. 1845, 
Governor Crawford was re-elected. During his term the 
Supreme Court was established and the Legislature elected 
Joseph Henry Lumpkin chief-justice. 

9. Lumpkin was born in Oglethorpe County, December 28, 
1799. ^6 soon became one of the foremost men of the times. 




George W. Crawford 



66 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 




Joseph Henry Lumpkin. 

administration began with 
brought on the Mexican 
war. Troops were call 1 
for and Georgia sent 
a large force. Jud: 
Henry R. Jackson w 
chosen colonel of t 
companies from differe 
parts of the state. He 
once proceeded to Mexi 
and nobly upheld tl 
honor of Georgia. A co 
pany of regulars und 
Captain Alexander Sc( 
went from Bibb County 
II. In 1847 ^ requ( 
was made for a battalli 
of infantry and they we 
out under the comma I 
of Lieutenant- Colonel 
Isaac Seymour, also two 



His intellect was of the highest 
order, he had much learning and 
was extremely cultivated. Added 
to this his genial nature and sweet 
disposition made him loved and 
honored by all. Eugenius A. Nis- 
bet and Hiram Warner were chosen 
associate justices. 

10. Great excitement was felt 
in the state over the question of 
the annexation of Texas to the 
United States. Georgia was in 
favor of the annexation and Polk's 
the admission of Texas. This 




Henry R. Jackson. 



battallions under Captain Loyall and Lieutenant-Colonel 



MEXICAN WAR. 6/ 

Calhoun. Volunteer corps went from all parts of Georgia 
and fought nobly. 

12. Colonel James Mcintosh was killed in this war. Captain 
Hardee, General William Walker and Lieutenant Gardener 
greatly distinguished themselves and received each a handsome 
sword from the state of Georgia. Many more Georgians won 
honor and praise. This war with Mexico ended in 1848, and 
by the treaty of peace the United States gained the territory of 
California, Utah, New Mexico and Texas. 

13. 1847, the Whigs nominated Duncan L. Clinch for gov- 
ernor ; the Democrats nominated George W. Towns. Towns 
was elected. He was a Georgian from Wilkes County ; had 
been representative from his district, and once been to 
Congress. William C. Dawson was elected United States 
senator for six years. 

14. Legislature passed an act exempting women from im- 
prisonment for debt. The railroad system received much 
attention and several new roads were built. The Western and 
Atlantic road was now nearly completed to Chattanooga. 
Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, was elected President, 
with Millard Fillmore Vice-President. President Taylor ap- 
pointed George W. Crawford of Georgia, Secretary of War. 
1849, Governor Towns was again made governor. 

Questions. — i. In what condition was the Union in 1840? What 
of the Cherokee lands in Georgia? How many children were at school ? 
3. What of the railroads? What was Georgia's population? 4. What 
was the cause of great excitement? Tell of the Democrats and Whigs. 
Who was sent to the Senate from Georgia? 5. When was McDonald 
re-elected? What chiefly occupied him ? 6. What act was passed? Who 
were admitted to this asylum? Who made an important discovery this 
year ? 7. What of the next election for governor ? What is said of Craw- 
ford ? 8. Whom did Georgia send to Congress? Tell of the Presidential 
election. What of Crawford's re-election ? 9. What is said of Lumpkin ? 
Who were his associates? 10. What interested the state now? What 
part did Georgia take in the Indian war? 11. What request was granted 
in 1847 ? 12. Who was killed and who distinguished in this war? 13. Tell 



68 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

of the next election for governor. What of Towns ? Who was made 
senator.'' 14. What act was passed by legislature? What of the rail- 
roads.'' Who was made President, and who appointed Secretary of War.? 
When was Governor Towns elected.' 



CHAPTER XXI. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF COBB AND JOHNSON. 

T. The slavery question was at this time beginning to attract 
much attention, and was rapidly assuming an alarming phase. 
The Northern people were growing more and more active in 
their opposition to slavery, and a majority of their representa- 
tives in Congress were more uncompromising in their demands 
upon the Southern people. The question at issue at this time 
was whether slavery should be permitted in the new states and 
territories of the West, and many Northern congressmen went 
so far as to say new states should not be admitted to the Union 
unless their constitution prohibited slavery. This question 
was one of the main causes of the war between the states that 
began in 1861 and terminated so disastrously for the South. 

2. At this time (1849-50) Howell Cobb of Georgia was 
speaker of the National House of Representatives, and used 
his efforts and influence, along with Henry Clay, John C. 
Calhoun, Alexander H. Stephens, Robert Toombs, and other 
notable men, to make a peaceful settlement of the question 
pertaining to slavery, and to preserve the union of states as it 
then existed. 

3. In July, 1850, President Taylor died, and the Vice-Presi- 
dent, Millard Fillmore, succeeded to the office of President of 
the United States. In the same year Henry Clay introduced in 
Congress a bill known as the " Omnibus Bill," and its several 
measures were enacted. It admitted California as a free state ; 
it abolished slavery in the District of Columbia ; it provided 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF COBB AND JOHNSON. 



69 



for the passage of a law for the arrest and return to their 
owners of fugitive slaves; and ordered that $10,000,000 be 
paid to Texas for the territory of New Mexico. 

4. The Georgia congressmen supported this bill, as it was 
the best that could be done. But there were many people in 
Georgia who were opposed to such a compromise, and the re- 
sult was a general chang- 
ing of political parties and 
the formation of two new 
political parties in the 
state, one called the Union 
party, under the leader- 
ship of Howell Cobb ; the 
other, the Southern Rights 
party, led by Charles J. 
McDonald. Governor 
Towns called a state con- 
vention, which was held 
in December, 1850. This 
convention adopted reso- 
lutions prepared by a com- 
mittee of which Charles J. 
Jenkins was chairman, 
which were afterwards 
known as the "Georgia 
platform." This platform 
expressed Georgia's love 
for the Union, regret for the slavery agitation, insisted on 
maintaining the separate rights of the State, and agreed to 
accept the " Omnibus Bill " as a compromise of the question 
in dispute. 

5. In 185 1 Howell Cobb was nominated for governor by 
the Union party. He was opposed by Charles J. McDonald, 
the candidate of the Southern Rights party. Cobb was elected 
by a large majority. The people of Georgia then believed that 




Howeil Cobb. 



70 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



the slavery trouble would be settled, and they were unwilling 
to use extreme measures in politics, or even to vote for any 
candidate who was in favor of the state's leaving the Union. 
Secession was at this time regarded as a remote possibility, 
and a dangerous step for the state. 

6. Howell Cobb was born in Jefferson county, Georgia, 
September 7, 18 15. His father was John Cobb of North 
Carolina. He graduated at the state university, in Athens, 
began the practice of law in 1836, was elected to Congress in 
1842, and served four terms in all. In 1850 he was elected 
speaker of the National House of Representatives, and in 
1857 was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, by Buchanan. 
He was a strong Union man until Lincoln's election, and when 
his native state seceded he promptly enlisted in the confederate 
service, served through the war and died in New York city, 
October 9, 1868. He was one of the most notable men that 
ever lived in the state, an orator, a statesman and a Christian 
gentleman. He served as governor only one term of two years. 
The Georgia Academy for the Blind 
was founded during Governor Cobb's 
administration. 

7. In 1853, the politics of the 
state had so changed that the Demo- 
cratic party, which had been in the 
background for several years, was 
reorganized, and put forward Herschel 
V. Johnson as their candidate for 
governor. Charles J. Jenkins was 
his opponent, but Mr Johnson was 
elected. He was born in Burke 
county, Georgia, September 12, 18 12. 
He graduated at the Georgia University, and began the practice 
of law in Augusta. In 1847, he was appointed United States 
senator, to fill the unexpired term of Walter T. Colquitt. In 
1849, he was elected judge of the Superior Courts of the 
Ocmulgee Circuit, and rose rapidly into the favor of the public. 




Herschel V. Johnson. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF COBB AND JOHNSON. /I 

8. 1855, Governor Johnson was again nominated and elected 
governor. His opponent was Garrett Andrews. During 
Governor Johnson's administration more political changes 
were taking place in the state. The old Whig party had been 
practically dissolved, and most of the Whigs had allied them- 
selves with the Southern Rights party and the Union party. 
Then a new party, called the American party, had sprung up, 
and nominated Garrett Andrews for governor, but as already 
stated, he was defeated by Governor Johnson. This American 
party favored the exclusion of persons foreign born holding 
political ofifice. 

9. After the expiration of Governor Johnson's second term, 
he was, in i860, nominated for the Vice-Presidency on the 
ticket with Douglas. He was a member of the Confederate 
Senate, and after the war was over was chosen as United 
States senator, but was unable to serve on account of his 
political disabilities. These being removed he was appointed a 
circuit judge, which position he filled with great ability until his 
death, which occurred in Jefferson County, Georgia, August 16, 
1880. 

10. The state was generally prosperous during Governor 
Johnson's terms of office, and much progress was made in 
wealth and population. But the slavery question was still 
being agitated by the northern people and the cloud was slowly 
but surely growing larger and more threatening. All classes 
of northern, men who were opposed to slavery combined and 
held a convention in Philadelphia, in June, 1856, and organized 
the Republican party. They declared themselves as opposed 
to slavery in any of the territories, and nominated John C. 
Fremont for President. The American party nominated 
Millard Fillmore. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan, 
who was elected. But the anti-slavery party was growing 
stronger and stronger. 

Questions. — i. What was now attracting great attention? What is 
said of the Northern people? What was the question now at issue? 
What is said of the main cause of war? 2. What is said of notable men 



72 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



of Georgia? 3. Who was made President? What bill was introduced 
in Congress? 4. How did Georgia receive this bill? What two parties 
were formed ? What convention was called, who was chairman, and what 
resolutions were passed? 5. Tell of the election of 1851. What did the 
people of Georgia believe ? What of secession ? 6. Tell of Howell Cobb. 
7. What is said of the politics of the state, and who was elected governor? 
What is said of Johnson ? 8. What is said of Johnson's second adminis- 
tration? 9. What other offices did he hold? 10. What was the progress 
of the state under Johnson ? What is said of the slavery question ? When 
was the Republican party formed ? What of the presidential election ? 



CHAPTER XXII. 



ADMINISTRATION OF BROWN. 




I. In 1857 there were five candidates before the Georgia 
Democratic convention for the nomination for governor. They 
were James Gardner, John H. Lumpkin, Hiram Warner, 

Henry Lamar and William 

wmr — --— 



H. Stiles. The balloting 
continued three days, but 
though Lumpkin was in 
the lead he could not ob- 
tain the two-thirds vote 
that was necessary to 
nominate him. Finally, a 
committee of three men 
from each district was ap- 
l)')inted to make a nomi- 
n Ltion. This committee 
» ^reed upon Joseph E. 
r>rown, as a compromise 

I mdidate, and he was 

II )minated by the conven- 
tion. The American party 
dso held a convention, 
and Dr. H. V. M. Miller 




Benjamin H. Hill. 




JOSEPH E. BROWN. 



ADMINISTRATION OF BROWN, 75 

and Benjamin H. Hill were candidates for nomination. Mr. 
Hill was nominated, and although the race between him and 
Brown was exciting, Brown was elected governor by a large 
majority. 

2. Governor Brown is one of the most remarkable men 
that ever lived in Georgia. He was born in Pickens County, 
South Carolina, April 15, 182 1, and was the oldest of eleven 
children. His parents were poor, and when Joseph was a 
small boy they moved to Union County, Georgia. Joseph 
grew up without education, and the whole of his boyhood was 
passed in a hard struggle against poverty, with no advantages 
whatever, and without any opportunity for seeing or learning 
anything beyond the limits of his father's farm. But he was 
diligent and self-reliant, and in 1840 went to South Carolina to 
school, and paid his own board and tuition out of the little 
money he had saved and the little he could make while he 
was going to school. He wasted no time, he improved every 
opportunity, and with no help except his own pluck and a 
brave heart, has risen higher and higher, for he has been the 
most prominent man in the state, and filled every office that 
the state could give him. He is now (1893) seventy-two 
years old, and has retired from public life. 

3. Governor Brown was admitted to the bar in 1845 — ^^en 
elected to the state Senate — then Judge of the Superior Courts 
of the Blue Ridge Circuit — then governor. It is related that 
the nomination for governor was totally unexpected by him, 
and that he was actually binding wheat in a field on his farm 
when the news of his nomination was brought to him. He was 
but little known to the people of the state when nominated, but 
during the canvass he became well and widely known, and was 
elected by a large majority. 

4. Governor Brown's first term was marked by his fight 
against the state banks, to compel them to pay out gold and 
silver instead of paper money. They resisted, but the governor 
was successful and carried his point. He also overhauled the 



76 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

affairs of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was 
(and is) the property of the state. Under bad management, 
the road was earning but little money, and there was much 
complaint. During the first two years of Governor Brown's 
administration the revenues of the road paid into the state 
treasury increased from $43,000 to $400,000 a year. 

5. In 1857 Robert Toombs was re-elected United States 
senator. In 1859 Warren Akin, of Cass (now Bartow) County, 
opposed Governor Brown for the office of governor, but Brown 
was again elected by a large majority. 

6. The next presidental election was drawing near. The 
agitation and excitement over the slavery question was rapidly 
increasing. The northern people and their newspapers began 
to openly demand the abolition of slavery. The Republican 
party had grown in numbers and influence until it was clearly 
evident that the battle would be between the Democrats and 
Republicans. Just at this time unfortunate divisions began to 
appear in the Democratic party in Georgia. The National 
Democratic Convention was to be held in Charleston, South 
Carolina, on April 6, i860, to nominate a candidate for 
President. 

7. The Georgia Democrats split into two factions. One 
faction wanted Howell Cobb as its candidate for President; 
the other expressed no choice, but consented to accept the 
delegates that had been named by the Cobb party. Mr. 
Cobb, however, had declined to permit his name to go before 
the convention as a candidate for the nomination for the 
Presidency. Wjien the convention met in Charleston, there 
were so many conflicting interests and opinions that the 
committee appointed to prepare a platform of principles split 
into three factions and three reports were presented to the 
convention. The Northern delegates were in the majority, 
and adopted resolutions that caused some of the Southern 
delegates to withdraw from the convention. The Georgia 
delegates were among those who withdrew. 



ADMINISTRATION OF BROWN. 77 

8. These seceding delegates held a meeting and called 
another convention to meet in Richmond, Virginia, in June, 
i860. The remaining members of the Charleston conven- 
tion, being unable to agree among themselves, adjourned to 
meet in Baltimore in June, i860. The Republican party held 
their convention in Chicago, and nominated Abraham Lincoln 
for President. 

9. In the meantime the Democrats in Georgia were greatly 
divided and could not agree upon any unity of action. So 
when the Baltimore convention met, there were two Georgia 
delegations, each claiming to be the proper one. There was 
so much contention and confusion that the delegates from 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and Oregon 
withdrew from the convention, but those who remained nom- 
inated Stephen A. Douglass for President, and Herschel V. 
Johnson for Vice-President. 

10. The delegates who had seceded from the convention 
then held a meeting and nominated John C. Breckinridge 
for President and Joseph Lane for Vice-President. So the 
Democratic party was split into two parts, and went into the 
campaign with two candidates in the field. Then there was 
a party called the Constitutional Union party, which held a 
convention at Baltimore, and nominated John Bell for President 
and Edward Everett for Vice-President. With four candidates 
for the presidency, and the northern states greatly outnum- 
bering the south in population, the election of Lincoln was the 
inevitable result. 

Questions. — i. Tell of the nomination for governoi* in 1857. Who 
was elected? 2. What is said of Brown's career in race second.? 3. When 
did he secure his nomination ? 4. What marked Governor Brown's 
first term.'' What of the state road.? 5. Who was made senator, and 
who re-elected governor.? 6. What was increasing .? What did the North- 
ern people demand ? What of the Democratic convention? 7. What is 
said of Georgia Democrats? What did Cobb refuse? What is said of 
the Northern delegates? What of the Georgia delegates? 8. What did 
these delegates do? What of the Republican party? 9. What of the 



y^ THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Democrats in Georgia? What effect had the confusion? Who was nomi- 
nated? lo. What did the delegates do who had seceded? What other 
party is spoken of? What was the result of the election? 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 

1. The platform of the Republican party was ostensibly the 
preservation of the Union, and the exclusion of slavery from 
the territories and new states; but there was a strong sentiment 
in the north that slavery should be abolished, and it became 
evident that the northern people were determined to carry out 
their views, at any cost, even to war and bloodshed. The tide 
of feeling was growing stronger every day. The southern 
states were greatly alarmed at the situation, and the only thing 
they could do was to withdraw or secede from the Union, in 
order to manage their own affairs under their own laws. South 
Carolina seceded first, December 20, i860. 

2. Governor Brown had the Legislature call a convention to 
decide what was best for Georgia to do. This convention 
assembled January 16, 1861, and was composed of the best 
and ablest men in the state. Secession was bitterly opposed 
by many of the best and most conservative statesmen — among 
them Alexander Stephens, Herschel V. Johnson and Benjamin 
Hill. These men were firm in their convictions of the right to 
secede, but did not deem it the proper remedy. They desired 
a convention of all the southern states so as to take joint and 
co-operative action. On January 19, 1861, a vote was taken 
and resulted in favor of secession. Georgia came out of 
the Union as an independent and sovereign state. Immedi- 
ately there was the wildest excitement throughout the state. 
Troops were organized, speeches made, bonfires burned, and 
men, women and children were enthusiastic in their determi- 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 79 

nation to resist northern oppression and interference, to the 
bitter end. 

3. At this time the state was in an exceedingly prosper- 
ous condition. The taxable property amounted in value to 
$650,000,000. The population was 1,057,000, of which 462,000 
were negroes or slaves. Business was flourishing, and the 
people were entirely unprepared for the great and terrible 
changes that the war was destined to make in their condition. 

4. When South Carolina seceded. Governor Brown saw that 
matters were assuming a critical aspect and at once ordered 
Colonel Lawton of Savannah, to seize Fort Pulaski, at the 
mouth of the Savannah River. The fort was taken possession 
of January 3, 1861, and immediately put in good order. So this 
fort was seized before the state of Georgia seceded; but the 
governor dared not wait till after Georgia had withdrawn from 
the Union, for fear the Federal authorities would strengthen 
the fort and make it very difficult to capture it. 

5. As soon as the state seceded. Governor Brown, with that 
energy and decision of character that have always marked him, 
at once seized the arsenal at Augusta, which was full of military 
stores belonging to the United States government, and in 
charge of Captain Elzey, of the United States army, with 
eighty soldiers. Captain Elzey at first declined to surrender, 
but seeing that he could not resist the 800 Augusta troops 
ordered against him, finally marched out with his men and 
Governor Brown took possession on January 23, 1861. 

6. These were the first instances of hostility or of resistance 
to the United States government, and to Governor Brown 
belongs the honor of taking the first bold and effective step in 
support of the policy determined upon by his state. The 
Georgia members of Congress resigned and came home. 

7. On February 4, 1861, the states that had seceded called a 
convention at Montgomery, Alabama. Georgia, South Carolina, 
Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and Alabama were represented. 
The convention elected Howell Cobb as presiding officer. 



80 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Jefferson Davis was elected President, and Alexander H. 
Stephens of Georgia, Vice-President, of the new association of 
states, called the Confederate States of America. Davis was 
formally inaugurated on February 4, 1861, and on March 4, 
1 86 1, Abraham Lincoln took his seat as President of the 
United States. 

8. President Davis's first act was to send a committee of three 
men — Crawford of Georgia, Forsyth of Alabama, and Roman 
of Louisiana — to the Federal government at Washington city 
to try and make a peaceful settlement, but they could do 
nothing. Virginia tried to have the trouble peacefully adjusted, 
and even called a peace convention at Washington, and thirteen 
states sent delegates ; but nothing was accomplished, and the 
war clouds grew darker and darker. 

9. The states that had seceded followed Georgia's lead and 
had taken possession of all the forts and arsenals in their 
limits, except Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. Confederate 
companies, regiments and brigades had been organized, and 
General Beauregard was in command. He called on Major 
Anderson, the LInited States officer in command of Fort Sumter, 
to give up the fort. This Major Anderson refused to do. The 
Confederate cannon then began to bombard the fort, which 
surrendered after hard fighting. The attack on the fort caused 
the greatest excitement everywhere, and Lincoln at once made 
a call for 75,000 troops to put down the "rebellion." 

10. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina 
quickly seceded and joined the Confederate states. But the 
odds were heavily against them. There were only 9,000,000 
people in the seceded states, against 22,000,000 in the 
northern and western states. The North had everything — 
foundries, factories, ships, men — the South had practically 
nothing except land and slaves — the latter a source of 
constant apprehension and anxiety. Both sides were doing 
their utmost, and bringing soldiers to the chief seat of war, 
which was, naturally, in Virginia, near the boundary between 




ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 83 

the two sections. The Confederate government was transferred 
from Montgomery to Richmond, and the war began in earnest. 

Questions. — i. What was the platform of the Republican party? 
What strong sentiment is spoken of? \Vhat effect did this have on the 
Southern states? What state first seceded? 2. What did Governor 
Brown do ? What is said of secession, and by whom was it opposed ? Of 
what were these men convinced ? W'hat vote was taken, and when did 
Georgia secede? What effect did this have in the state? 3. In what con- 
dition was the state? 4. What did Governor Brown do upon the secession 
of South Carolina? When was this fort seized? 5. What was done when 
Georgia seceded? What did Captain Elzey do? 6. What is said of Gov 
erner Brown's promptness? 7. When was a convention called, and by 
what states? W'hat elections were held, and what name given to the 
states? When was Davis inaugurated? 8. What was Davis' first work ? 
What was the result? 9. What is said of the states that had seceded? 
What of the forces for war? What fort was attacked, and what effect did 
it have at the North? 10. What other states now seceded? What is 
said of the difference in the forces ? What comparisons are made between 
the North and South? What did both sides try to do? What of the 
Confederate government ? 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. — CONTINUED. 

1. The first great battle was that of Manassas, Virginia, on 
July 21, 1 86 1. The Federals, or "Yankees," as the Southern 
people called them, were utterly defeated, losing 3000 men 
and many cannon, guns and other equipment. The Confeder- 
ate loss was 2000 men, among them many brave officers. 
Georgia lost General Francis Bartow, for whom the name of 
Cass County was changed to Bartow County. After the battle 
both sides renewed and more troops were sent forward, and 
the fighting continued. 

2. In the fall of 1861 Judge E. A. Nisbet was nominated for 
governor, but Governor Brown was elected by a handsome 



84 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

majority. Ben Hill and Robert Toombs were elected senators 
to the Confederate Congress. But Mr. Toombs declined and 
went into the army as a brigadier-general and Dr. John W. 
Lewis was appointed senator by Governor Brown. At the close 
of 1 86 1 Georgia had sent fifty regiments of soldiers to the 
army. The state had responded promptly to all demands 
made by the Confederate government, and the war spirit was 
stronger than ever among the people. During the year 1861 
the Confederates were generally victorious, and the future 
looked full of hope and promise for the success and final 
independence of the Confederate states in spite of the heavy 
odds against them. 

3. But the Federal government now began to more clearly 
realize the magnitude of the contest and made preparations for 
war upon a scale not before contemplated. New armies were 
sent into the field, not only into Virginia, but into Kentucky 
and Tennessee, and southern ports and navigable rivers were 
swarming with their war vessels and gun boats wherever they 
could get an entrance. The ports were blockaded. Little by 
little the Federal armies encircled the Confederacy, until it 
was shut in by land and sea. The Federal government was 
recruiting its armies with men from Europe, while the Southern 
states were unable to add a single man to their forces except 
from the native southern population. When a Federal soldier 
was killed there were dozens to take his place, but the loss of 
a Confederate soldier meant one man less for the Confederate 
service. 

4. Within less than one year after the war began the Fed- 
eral armies numbered over 800,000 men, while the Confederates 
could muster less than 300,000. The great disparity in num- 
bers began to be felt. The Federals took Kentucky and 
Tennessee. Fort Pulaski was captured. New Orleans and 
Memphis fell in Federal hands. The Confederate Congress 
made a desperate effort to strengthen their armies. The 
" Conscript " act was passed, which compelled all sound men 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 85 

between eighteen and thirty-five years of age to enlist in the 
army. Governor Brown strongly opposed the law and had a 
controversy with President Davis on the subject, but the law 
went into effect and the governor honored every call made 
upon him. 

5. General Lee had been placed in command of the Confed- 
erate army in Virginia, and during the year 1862 defeated the 
Federals in some great battles. By the end of 1862 Georgia 
had sent 75,000 men to the Confederate armies, and had 
organized a home force, known as the state guards, of about 
9000 men. The general results of this year were in favor of 
the Federals. The Confederates were slowly exhausting their 
men and their resources, while the Federals were growing 
stronger. 

6. There was on both sides a great deal of opposition to the 
war, but it availed nothing. The war party was the stronger 
and those who desired peace were not looked upon with 
favor. On January i, 1863, Lincoln issued his Emancipation 
Proclamation, which delared that all the slaves in the Confed- 
erate states were free from that date. But their freedom was 
not really accomplished till the Confederate armies had 
surrendered. Georgia had, up to this time, been almost entirely 
free from Federal forces on her soil. But in May, 1863, 
Colonel Straight made a raid with 1500 cavalry into North 
Georgia to destroy the Confederate arsenal and cannon foundry 
at Rome. He was followed by General Forrest, with only 
450 men, and finally surrendered to Forrest just before 
reaching Rome. 

7. Fort McAllister, at the mouth of the Ogeechee River, 
had been attacked by Federal gunboats, but they were driven 
away. On September 20, 1863, the battle of Chickamauga 
was fought on Georgia soil, in Walker County, and was a 
victory for the Confederates, but at a very heavy loss of 
soldiers. General Lee had defeated Hooker's army in Virginia, 
but General Meade soon afterwards defeated General Lee at 



86 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Gettysburg. Then Vicksburg, in Mississippi, was taken by 
the Federals and Bragg was defeated at Missionary Ridge. So 
that the year was generally one of disaster and defeat to the 
Confederate cause. The greatly superior numbers and equip- 
ment of the Federals began to count heavily against the South. 

8. Governor Brown had already served three terms as 
governor, and in October, 1863, was again elected, with scarcely 
any opposition. At the same time Georgia sent M. H. 
Blandford, Julian Hartridge, Clifford Anderson, \V. E. Smith, 
Warren Akin, H. P. Bell, James M. Smith, George N. Lester, 
J. H. Echols and I. T. Shewmake, as her representatives to 
the Confederate Congress. 

9. In April, 1863, John B. Gordon was made a Brigadier 
General, and in September, General Howell Cobb was placed 
in command of the state guards. General A. R. Lawton was 
appointed Quartermaster-General of the Confederate army. 
The year 1864 opened in gloom and darkness for the 
Confederate states. General Bragg had just before been 
defeated at Missionary Ridge, and his army was encamped 
near Dalton, Georgia, resting and recruiting for the coming 
campaign. The Federals now had two immense armies in the 
field — one in A^irginia, the other in and around Chattanooga — 
besides smaller armies in other localities. 

10. The first battle of this year was fought near Olustee, 
Florida. General (afterwards governor) Colquitt commanded 
the Confederates and completely defeated the Federals. 
General Bragg resigned the command of the army at Dalton 
and General Hardee succeeded him. But General Joseph E. 
Johnston soon succeeded General Hardee. About the same 
time General Sherman took command of the Federal army at 
Chattanooga and began to prepare for his march towards 
Atlanta, along the line of the Western and Atlantic railroad. 
General Grant was commanding the Federal army in Virginia 
and was pushing on towards Richmond. The Confederacy was 
being slowly but surely crushed between these mighty armies. 



WAR BETWEEX THE STATES. 8/ 

Questions. — i. When and where was the first battle fought.^ What 
was the result of this battle? What was done after the battle? 2. What 
of the election for governor? Who were elected senators? To what 
Congress? What had Georgia done in 1S61 ? W^hat hope had the 
Confederates? 3. What of the Federal government at this time? What 
of the ports? IIow was the Federal army supplied with men? 4. When 
a Confederate was killed, how was his place supplied ? What did the 
Federal army number? The Confederate? W^hat was the result of this 
disparity of numbers ? Wliat did the Confederate congress do ? 5. What 
is said of General Lee? Wliat had Georgia done at the end of 1S62? 
How were things going with the Confederates ? 6. Was there any oppo- 
sition to the war? What was the Emancipation proclamation, and when 
was it issued ? Tell of Colonel Straight's raid into Georgia. 7. What 
happened at Fort McAllister? When was the battle of Chickamauga 
fought, and with what results? What was the result of affairs elsewhere? 
8. Tell of Brown's re-election. Who were representatives to the Con- 
federate congress? 9. What was done in April, 1S63? What was the 
state of affairs in 1S64? 10. What battle is spoken of? What is told of 
Colquitt? W^hat changes were made? What of the movements of the 
Federal army ? 



CHAPTER XXV. 

WAR BETWEEX THE STATES. CONTINUED. 

1. Early in May, 1864, Sherman began his march with 
nearly 100,000 men. Johnston had only 43,000, and dared 
not risk a general battle as long as he could possibly 
avoid it. He was therefore compelled to retreat from time to 
time, fighting as he marched, until the whole distance from 
Chattanooga to Atlanta, along the line of the Western and 
Atlantic railroad, was marked by bloody battles and dead men. 
The principal engagements were at Ringgold, Rocky Face, 
Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Allatoona, Kennesaw 
Mountain, Marietta and the series of battles around Atlanta. 
The Confederates were generally successful in these fights, 
but could not replace their lost men, so that every victory 
weakened them and served only to postpone the final crash. 



8<S THE HISTORV OF GEORGIA. 

2. It was almost one continued fight from May 4 to July 9, 
when Johnston had been forced back to the Chattahoochee 
River, only seven miles from Atlanta, and had gotten his army 
safely across. The Confederates had lost 9500 men, the 
Federals more than 40,000. The Confederate authorities at 
Richmond had become much alarmed at Johnston's continued 
retreat, and had insisted on his fighting a general battle, which 
Johnston dared not do, as his force was much smaller than 
Sherman's. He was therefore relieved from the command on 
July 17, and was succeeded by General Hood, who was a brave 
and gallant soldier, but not the equal of General Johnston in 
the handling of a large army. 

3. General Hood immediately began the fighting. Only 
two days after he took command he fought a bloody battle and 
was defeated. On the next day he again attacked the enemy, 
but after a severe battle gained no advantage. In this fight 
General John M. Brown, a brother to the governor, was 
dangerously wounded and afterwards died. On July 28, Hood 
again attacked Sherman, but was repulsed. On August 5 a part 
of Sherman's army attacked Hood, but were in turn repulsed. 

4. In the meantime Sherman's cavalry, under Generals 
Stoneman and McCook, had been sent around Atlanta, towards 
Macon. Governor Brown and General Howell Cobb drove 
them off from Macon, and they were afterwards captured by 
General Alfred Iverson. Sherman's batteries were continually 
shelling Atlanta. All the citizens who were able to get away 
had gone, but there were still several thousand people in the 
city, who had to avoid the shells as best they could, by living in 
cellars and holes dug in the hill-sides and railroad cuts. 

5. The Federal army steadily gained ground and pushed its 
way around the west side of Atlanta. At Jonesboro' General 
Hood fought a hard battle, but was forced to give way, and so 
Atlanta fell into Sherman's hands. Sherman's first order was 
that the citizens should leave Atlanta, and about 1700 of them 
were driven away from their homes. 



CLOSE OF TilE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. «9 

6. General Hood, finding that he could not cope with 
Sherman in open battle, started his army toward Chattanooga 
and Nashville, hoping by so doing he would force Sherman to 
follow him, and thereby relieve Georgia and get Sherman's 
army back into Tennessee. But Sherman sent General 
Thomas to follow Hood, while he himself remained in Atlanta 
and began to prepare for his march to Savannah. His army 
so outnumbered Hood's that he could easily divide it, and he 
knew that General Thomas would be heavily reinforced in 
Tennessee. On his march toward Chattanooga, General Hood 
attacked Allatoona, near Cartersville, to capture and destroy 
some of Sherman's supplies, but after a desperate battle the 
Federals were left in possession of the fort, and Hood's forces 
resumed their march. At Franklin, Tennessee, his army was 
badly defeated. 

Questions. — i. When did Sherman begin his march, and how many 
men did he have?. What was the number of Johnson's forces? What 
was he compelled to do ? Where were the principal battles fought ? Who 
was generally successful? 2. How long did these engagements last, and 
where were the Southern forces now? How many men were lost? What 
of the authorities at Richmond? Who was given command? 3. What 
did Hood do? Tell of the battles. 4. What of Sherman, Sherman's 
cavalry? Who captured them? What of Atlanta and the citizens? 
5. What of the success of the Federal army? 6. What were Hood's 
movements? What did Sherman do? What battle was fought, and with 
what results ? 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

CLOSE OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 

T. In November, 1864, Sherman left Atlanta with 60,000 
men and started toward Savannah. His army was scarcely 
molested, as all of 'Georgia's regular troops were in Virginia 
and Tennessee and the state militia were utterly unable to offer 
any resistance. 



90 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

2. The track of Sherman's troops was one broad trail of 
fire, plunder, robbery and destruction. Nothing was left. If 
a cyclone of fire had rushed along the country the ruin and 
desolation could not have been more complete. The rules 
of civilized warfare were utterly disregarded. Helpless women 
and children were shown no consideration. Along a belt of 
country thirty to forty miles wide, extending from Chattanooga 
to the Atlantic Ocean, he spared neither towns, cities, nor 
habitations ; he seized all the stock — horses, mules, cows, 
hogs, chickens, and everything that would support or feed the 
helpless women and children ; he destroyed beautiful villages 
and homes, leaving nothing but crumbling walls and tottering 
chimneys ; his foreign-born, mercenary soldiers insulted and 
robbed the helpless and feeble ; they broke up the tombs and 
monuments to the dead in our cemeteries. Sherman's excuse 
for all this, as given in his own Memoirs^ is, that he found the 
best way to stop the war was to make it horrible ; and he did it. 

3. Governor Brown was at Milledgeville and the Legislature 
was in session. On November 23, 1864, the governor was 
notified that Sherman had left Atlanta with his army. The 
books and papers of the state were hastily packed up and 
stored away in a place of safety. Sherman passed through 
Milledgeville and reached Savannah on December 10, 1864. 
General Hardee was in command of the city with only 10,000 
Confederate troops. Knowing that he was helpless against 
the Federal army, he made no resistance, but carried his forces 
across the river into South Carolina. Sherman took Savannah, 
and this completed his march of destruction from one ex- 
tremity of the state to the other, from Chattanooga to the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

4. The Governor called the Legislature together at Macon 
in February, 1865, where they transacted such business as they 
could. But the war had terribly crippled the state, and all that 
could be done was to try to encourage the people, and to 
make provision for those who had lost their property and their 



CLOSE OF THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 9 1 

protectors and had become dependent on the state for their 
daily bread. Sherman left Savannah on January 19, 1865, 
marched into South Carolina, burning and robbing as he went, 
and on arriving at Columbia burned that city to the ground. 

5. In the meantime Grant was gradually wearing away 
General Lee's army. After a week of severe fighting, Lee 
surrendered on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House, 
Virginia. General Johnston had been trying to check Sherman 
in South Carolina, but when Lee surrendered there was no 
longer any hope, and so Johnston surrendered to Sherman on 
April 26, 1865. Thus ended the greatest and most destructive 
war of the century. 

6. President Davis left Richmond and started to Texas, 
but was captured in Irwinville, Georgia, on May 10, by some 
Federal cavalry that were hunting him. He was imprisoned 
two years in Fortress Monroe, but was at length released with- 
out trial. Alexander H. Stephens was also arrested and put 
in prison, but was soon released. General Toombs escaped to 
England to avoid arrest, but after some years returned to 
Georgia and was not molested. Governor Brown was arrested, 
but was paroled and went to his home in Milledgeville. But 
he was soon re-arrested, carried to Washington city, and placed 
in prison. He was released in a few days by Andrew Johnson, 
who had become President of the United States after Lincoln 
was. assassinated. 

7. Ben Hill and Howell Cobb were arrested, but soon 
released. The state was now under Federal military rule. 
Garrisons were posted at the principal towns and the Federal 
general, Wilson, was in command of all. Governor Brown 
called upon the Legislature to assemble, but General Wilson 
forbade it ; so Governor Brown resigned his office as governor 
of the state, first publishing an address to the people in which 
he advised them to be patient, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, and to use every effort to get back into the 
Union as speedily as possible. 



92 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Questions. — i. Tell of Sherman's movements. 2, What is told of 
his warfare? What was his excuse? 3. What was done at Milledgeville ? 
What were the forces at Savannah, and who was in command ? Did he 
make any resistance? When did Sherman take Savannah? 4. When and 
where was the legislature called together? What could be done? What 
of Sherman ? 5. Tell of Grant and Lee. When and where did Lee sur- 
render ? What of Johnson? What is said of this war? 6. Tell of Presi- 
dent Davis' flight and capture. What of Stephens and Toombs? Governor 
Brown? 7. What of Ben Hill and Howell Cobb? What was the con- 
dition of the state? What of the Legislature? What of Governor 
I-rown ? 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

" RECONSTRUCTION." 

1. Georgia had done her full duty during the war. She 
had sent into the field 120,000 soldiers, or 20,000 more than 
her voting population at the commencement of the war. In 
property she had lost about $500,000,000, or more than 
three-fourths of her entire wealth. She had lost much more 
heavily than any other Southern state, not only actually, but 
proportionately. 

2. The state had incurred a debt of $25,000,000 to carry 
on the war. Her loss in slaves alone was $272,000,000. 
Her lands had depreciated one-half in value. One-fourth of 
her railroad mileage was destroyed. 

3. Georgians have good reasons to be proud of the state's 
record. She freely gave her all to the Confederate cause, and 
no troops ever fought and suffered with more heroism and 
patience. No defeat was ever more crushing or more humili- 
ating, and yet no people ever went more bravely to work to 
rebuild their fortunes and to repair the ruin of war. Peace 
was declared, but it was not the peace that a generous foe 
should give to a thoroughly conquered enemy. 

4. The state was under military rule. The regular state 
government was deposed, and in June, 1865, James Johnson, 



RECONSTRUCTION. 93 

of Columbus, Georgia, was appointed provisional governor of 
Georgia, by the President of the United States. Governor 
Johnson at once called a convention to meet in October, 1865. 

5. But the military were in power, citizens were arrested 
and imprisoned on the slightest provocation, and often without 
any cause whatever. The people were oppressed and made 
to feel that they were conquered and at the mercy of the 
conquerors. The amnesty oath was demanded of all citizens, 
and the people generally had to subscribe to its terms before 
they could feel safe to pursue their various callings. Advent- 
urers, "carpet baggers" and malignant men came in droves, 
and by their meanness and petty exactions made the situation 
infinitely worse. Instead of trying to cultivate good will and 
to restore the confidence of the people in the United States 
government, the very opposite course was persistently followed, 
and bitterness and hatred on both sides were the natural fruits. 

6. This was known as the "Reconstruction Period," and 
the people were so galled and oppressed by these overbearing 
tyrants that to this day the " Reconstruction Period " is 
regarded with almost as much horror as the war itself. 

7. The convention met in October, 1865. Herschel Y. 
Johnson was elected President, The session lasted two weeks. 
The ordinance of secession was repealed, slavery was declared 
abolished, the debt to carry on the war was repudiated, and a 
new constitution was adopted. It was ordered that an election 
for governor and congressmen be held the next November; at 
which time Charles J. Jenkins was elected governor without 
opposition. The following gentlemen were elected as congress- 
men, but were never permitted to take their seats, Solomon 
Cohen, Philip Cook, Hugh Buchanan, E. G. Cabaniss, James 
D. Matthews, J. H. Christy and W. T. Wofford. 

8. The Legislature assembled on December 4, 1865. Gov- 
ernor Johnson's message informed that body that he would 
continue in office as provisional governor until otherwise 
instructed by the President of the United States. 



94 'JTHE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Questions. — i. What had Georgia done.? 2. What were her losses.' 
3. What has she to be proud of? What is said of the defeat.'' Of the 
peace declared.? 4. What rule was the state under.? Who was made 
provisional governor.? 5. Tell of the military power. 6. What was this 
period called.? 7. What of the convention.? What election was held.? 
What is said of the Congressmen .? 8. What of the legislature ? 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

ADMINISTRATION' OF JENKINS, 

1. On December 11, the President directed that Governor 
Jenkins be inaugurated, which was done on the 14th. Charles 
J. Jenkins was born in Beaufort District, South Carolina, 
January 6, 1805; came to Jefferson County, Georgia, in 18 16. 
After his graduation at Union College, New York, he began 
practicing law in Sandersville, Georgia, but removed to Augusta 
in 1829. In 183 1 he became attorney-general of the state. He 
was a man of very great ability, high toned and patriotic. 

2. This Legislature ratified the thirteenth amendment to the 
Constitution of the United States ; which amendment forbade 
slavery. Alexander H. Stephens and Herschel V. Johnson 
were elected United States senators, but Congress would not 
permit them to take their seats, because the state would not 
ratify the fourteenth amendment to the Federal constitution. 
This amendment made negroes citizens, reduced representation 
in Congress where they were denied the right of suffrage, and 
disfranchised all citizens who had held office before the war 
and fought in the Confederate army. 

3. President Johnson insisted that as the seceding states 
had annulled the ordinance of secession and abolished slavery, 
their representatives were entitled to seats in Congress; but 
that body being Republican, demanded the adoption of the 
fourteenth amendment. Tennessee was the only state that 



ADMINISTRATION OF JENKINS. 97 

would, at that time, ratify the amendment, and so the recon- 
struction policy of the Federal government was continued in 
the other secession states. 

4. Finding that matters were growing worse instead of 
better, Ex-Governor Brown, and Judge Walker of the Supreme 
Court, went to Washington to endeavor to effect a satisfactory 
solution of the difficulty about the fourteenth amendment. 
But Congress would make no concessions, and these two 
gentlemen returned home, when Governor Brown addressed a 
letter to the people, advising them to promptly accept the 
terms offered by the United States Government. 

5. Governor Jenkins then went to Washington, but met 
with no success. He advised the people not to comply with 
the demands of Congress. Ben Hill took the same position, 
and while the controversy between the state and the Federal 
authorities was going on General Pope was made Military 
Commander of Georgia. In December, 1867, the Democrats 
held their first convention after the war. Ben Hill was the 
presiding officer. Nothing was accomplished, except to protest 
against the reconstruction acts of Congress. 

6. The Federal authorities were meanwhile trying to obtain 
some form of endorsement of their exacting and illegal 
proceedings, and General Pope had issued a call for a state 
convention in December. One of the reconstruction laws 
passed by Congress was known as the Confiscation Act, which 
provided that all men worth $20,000, or more, who had fought 
in the Confederate army, or had in any way assisted or 
encouraged the "rebellion," should have their property 
confiscated, unless such men were pardoned by the United 
States government. 

7. The idea was to build up the Republican party in 
Georgia, and it was supposed that men of wealth and influence 
would ally themselves with the Republicans in order to avoid 
trouble and feel secure in the possession of their property. 
Some men of prominence accepted the offered terms and 



98 THE HISTURV OF GEORGIA, 

became Republicans, and this change of party brought upon 
them the severest criticism. 

8. When General Pope's convention met in Atlanta, on the 
9th of December, 1867, there were 170 delegates. It was a 
badly mixed body. There were some patriotic Democrats, 
twenty-five or thirty negroes, some few good men who had all 
the time been Republicans from principle, and others who had 
joined the Republican party to save themselves trouble under 
the Confiscation Act. 

9. The convention remained in session until March, 1868. 
Its principal work was the adoption of a new Constitution for 
the state, which was *in the main satisfactory to the people. 
This was brought about by the influence of the few good men 
who were members of the convention. General Pope was 
relieved from the command of the Georgia Military District 
and General Meade succeeded him. 

Questions. — i. When was Jenkins inaugurated? \Vhat is said of 
his life? 2. What was the work of the legislature? Who were elected 
senators? Why did they not take their seats? What was this amend- 
ment? 3. What did President Johnson urge? What did Congress 
demand? 4. Mow were matters growing, and who endeavored to adjust 
things? 5. What did Governor Jenkins do? What of Ben Hill? 
What is said of the Democrats, and what was accomplished? 6. What 
were the Federals trying to do ? What of the laws passed by Congress ? 
7. Why was this done ? 8. Tell of Pope's convention. 9. How long was 
this convention in session, and what was the principal work ? 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF BULLOCK. 

I. The expenses of the convention had to be paid and 
Governor Jenkins was ordered by General Meade to pay 
$40,000 of the state's money for this purpose. The governor 
declined and was at once removed from office by General 




iiWsi^^ivvA'k^^ 



JOHN B. GORDON. 



ADMINISTRATION OF BULLOCK. 1 01 

Meade, who also at the same time removed John Jones, the 
state treasurer. General Thomas H. Ruger of the Federal 
army was then detailed as governor of Georgia, and a Captain 
Rockwell was installed as treasurer. 

2. Governor Jenkins took all the state's money, amounting 
to $400,000, and the great seal of the state to New York city, 
and deposited the funds and the seal in a bank for safe 
keeping. He then filed a bill before the Supreme Court of 
the United States to compel the reversal of the arbitrary 
proceedings of the military authorities in Georgia ; but the 
court was thoroughly Republican and nothing was done. 

3. The convention had ordered an election for governor, 
to be held in April, 1868. The Republican candidate was 
Rufus B. Bullock. The Democrats nominated John B. Gordon. 
Bullock was elected with the aid of military interference and 
intimidation. The negroes were, of course, all Republicans, 
and voted solidly against their former masters. The new 
Constitution was duly ratified by this election, and continued 
in force until 1877. In 1868 General Grant was elected 
President of the United States. 

4. The convention of 1868 submitted to the people a pro- 
position made by the city of Atlanta to remove the state 
capital from Milledgeville to Atlanta. 

5. The State Legislature met in July, 1868. The fourteenth 
amendment was ratified. Bullock was inaugurated governor 
and military rule under the Reconstruction Acts was declared 
at an end. The people rejoiced and believed that they would 
now go forward in their own way to build up the state and 
govern themselves as they saw fit. 

6. But they were bitterly disappointed. Governor Bullock 
was not in sympathy with the people ; in fact, there was con- 
stant and open war between them. Bullock was a Republican 
and a thorough partisan. His public acts were all calculated 
to inflame and embitter the people against him, and this con- 
dition of affairs did not improve. The crisis came soon. The 



I02 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

twenty-five negro members of the Legislature were unseated 
and turned out, and the Democrats were in control of the 
Legislature. 

7. This, of course, rendered Bullock comparatively power- 
less. His only remedy was to return to Reconstruction methods. 
He went to Washington city, and, by hard and persistent work, 
procured the passage of a bill requiring the governor to 
convene the Legislature, and all of its members to take the 
amnesty oath ; that the negro members should be reseated ; 
and that the fifteenth amendment should be accepted by the 
state before it could be represented in Congress. The fifteenth 
amendment conferred upon the negro the right to vote. 

8. In pursuance of this act of Congress, General Alfred 
Terry was appointed commander of the Georgia District; 
Bullock signed as provisional governor, and the state was once 
more under military rule, and Reconstruction again in force. 
The Legislature provided for by Congress met in January, 
1870. After several days of confusion and wrangling, twenty- 
four Democrats were turned out of their seats and thirty-one 
negroes were declared members. The fifteenth amendment 
was ratified and the work of crippling and breaking down the 
state was carried on vigorously by this mongrel body, ably 
assisted by the governor. 

9. But the manner of its organization, and its many acts 
committed in utter disregard of any kind of law, at length 
attracted the attention of Congress. A committee was ordered 
to inquire into the proceedings of this so-called Legislature, 
and reported that they were illegal, arbitrary and improper. 
Bullock was severely rebuked, a new election was ordered, and 
a bill passed restoring Georgia to the Union. This bill was 
signed by President Grant in July, 1870, and Georgia was 
again one of the United States. She was the last of the seced- 
ing states to be re-admitted. She had been kept out because 
her people had so long and so bitterly resented and fought 
Federal and military interference in her affairs. 



ADMINISTRATION OF BULLOCK. IO3 

10. In November, 1870, Bullock was again elected governor, 
in accordance with the provisions of the Act of Congress. He 
continued in office till October, 187 1, when he secretly resigned 
and fled from the state, being in great alarm lest he should be 
impeached for his bad, extravagant, and, in many cases, illegal, 
management of the state's affairs. He remained away till 
1876, when he was arrested, brought back, tried and acquitted 
for lack of sufficient proof to connect him criminally with the 
frauds upon the state during his administration. 

11. At the time of Bullock's resignation and flight, Benjamin 
Conley was the President of the State Senate. He succeeded 
Bullock to fill out the unexpired term. Although there was a 
sharp controversy over his right to be governor, he was 
permitted to hold the office. He was a strong Republican, but 
his administration was a marked improvement upon that 
of Bullock. 

Questions. — i. Why was Governor Jenkins removed from office ? Who 
was also removed.' Who was made governor and treasurer? 2. What did 
Governor Jenkins do ? What bill did he file, and what was its success .'* 
3 Tell of the next election for governor. What of the new constitution.' 

4. What of the convention of 186S.'' Where did the legislature meet.' 

5. When did the state legislature meet, and what was its work .' What 
did the people believe ? 6. Tell of Governor Bullock and the people. 
What was the crisis? 7. What was Bullock's next move? What was the 
Fifteenth Amendment? 8. What effect did this act of Congress have on 
the state? What rule was again in force? What did legislature of 1870 
do? 9. What finally attracted the attention of Congress? What did the 
committee report ? What was the effect of this report ? Why had Georgia 
been out of the Union ? 10. Who was next elected governor? What was 
the result of this election? 11. What is said of Conley? 



I04 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

CHAPTER XXX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF SMITH. 

1. In December, 187 i, the Democratic convention was held 
in Atlanta. Herbert Fielder, W. T. Wofford and James M. 
Smith were candidates for the gubernatorial nomination. 
Smith was nominated and duly elected, and on January 12, 
1872, was inaugurated governor of the state, amid general 
rejoicing and congratulation. 

2. So after four years of war, and seven years of recon- 
struction and military rule, the state was once more in the 
hands of her own people, with a Democratic governor and 
legislature. From that day her progress, and that of the 
whole South, has been wonderful, and has attracted the 
attention and admiration of the world. 

3. The condition of the people at the beginning of 1872 
was one of hope and energy. In spite of so many years of 
misrule and oppression, great advances had been made in 
every way. New railroads had been built, the towns and the 
cities were growing, the farmers had in great part adjusted 
themselves to the new order of affairs and were getting along 
in peace with the free negro laborers, while the negroes 
themselves were behaving in a manner highly creditable to 
them and very gratifying to those who had been their masters. 
It is true that numbers of them had flocked into the towns and 
cities, and had no visible means of support, and were a care 
and a burden to the white people, but in general they were 
orderly and disposed to act properly. There would never have 
been any trouble between the whites and the negroes if it had 
not been for the interference of vindictive northern people and 
radical politicians who incited the negroes to insolence and 
opposition to their former masters. But the general condition 
of affairs was one of peace and prosperity, and now that the 



ADMINISTRATION OF SMITH. IO5 

State was once more in the hands of her own loyal and 
patriotic people, there was a feeling of great relief and hope 
for the future. 

4. As might well be expected, Governor Smith found the 
affairs of the state in a very mixed condition. Under the 
Bullock administration the public indebtedness had grown to 
enormous proportions, but this Legislature declared null, void 
and illegal about eight millions of the bonds issued by the 
Bullock party. 

5. The Western and Atlantic railroad, which is the property 
of the state, had so run down and its earnings had been so 
misappropriated that it was a burden instead of a help to the 
taxpayers, A Lease Company was formed in 1870, with 
Governor Brown at its head, and the road was leased thereto 
for the term of twenty years, at a monthly rental of $25,000. 
One half of this income was to be set apart for the Public 
School fund, and with some additional help was sufficient 
to establish public schools in nearly every county in the state. 

6. The negroes were a care and burden, and it was 
deemed best the whites should educate them, so far as they 
were able, and try to make them good citizens. After nearly 
thirty years of freedom they seem not to have profited by the 
efforts made in their behalf. But the attempt to transform the 
race into educated and cultured citizens is still going on, and 
the appropriations for this purpose grow larger with each 
succeeding year. 

7. In May, 1872, the Georgia State College of Agriculture 
and Mechanical Arts was opened at Athens. In 1862, 
Congress had given Georgia 270,000 acres of land for educa- 
tional purposes. Governor Conley sold this land at ninety 
cents per acre, and the school was established. 

8. During this year Governor Jenkins returned to the state 
the great seal, taken away by him when General Meade 
removed him from office. Its return was made an interesting 
event, and a fac-siviile of the seal was presented to the 



I06 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

ex-governor, as a testimonial of his loyalty and service. 
Governor Smith was re-elected in 1872. Judges McCay and 
Trippe were appointed to the Supreme bench, and Gustavus J. 
Orr as school commissioner. 

9. In 1873 John B. Gordon was elected United States 
senator. A year later the Legislature ordered a geological 
survey of the state, and Doctor George Little was appointed 
state geologist. In the same year, the governor was directed 
to lease the state convicts from one to five years; but in 
1876 the Legislature extended the lease to twenty years. 
Freedom had brought many idle negroes to larceny and other 
crimes, and thence to the penitentiary, which had become full 
to overflowing, and the state was compelled to make some 
other disposition of the convicts. The lease system is not 
popular. Many good men believe that the proper employment 
for convict labor is upon the public roads of the state. There 
they can accomplish more good and less harm than elsewhere, 
and the competition with free labor is reduced to its minimum. 
A few — very few — counties in the state have adopted this 
plan for the employment of their convicts, with most beneficial 
and satisfactory results. 

Questions. — i. Where was the Democratic convention held, and who 
were candidates.'' What was the result of the nomination and election? 
2. What is said of the South ? 3. What was the condition of the people 
at this time ? What is said of the negroes .'' What was the general con- 
dition of affairs? 4. What is said of Bullock's administration? What 
did legislature do ? 5. Tell of the Western & Atlantic railroad. What 
was done with the income? What of the negroes? 7. When and where 
was the College of Agriculture opened? 8. What was returned to the 
state this year? Who was made governor, and what appointments made? 
8. Who was elected senator in 1873 ? What did legislature order ? What 
is told of the convicts? 



ADMINISTRATION OF COLQUITT. 



107 



CHAPTER XXXI. 



ADMINISTRATION OF COLOLMTT. 




Alfred H. Colquitt 



1. Alfred H. Colquitt was unanimously nominated candidate 
for governor in August, 1876, and was elected in October 
following. He was duly inaugurated 
January 12, 1877, and served till 
1883. 

2. He was born in Walton County, 
Georgia, in 1824, and was a son of 
Walter T. Colquitt. He graduated 
at Princeton College, and then began 
to practice law, but abandoned it for 
farming. He served in the Mexican 
war as a major, was then a member 
of Congress, and afterwards a briga- 
dier-general in the Confederate army. 
After the war he was made president 
of the Georgia State Agricultural Society, where he was of 
great service to his people in stimulating and advancing the 
farming interests of the state. He is now (1893) United 
States senator, and well advanced in years. 

3. A new constitution was adopted in 1877. The governor's 
term of office was reduced from four to two years. The judges 
and solicitors of the circuit courts were thereafter elected by 
the people. The Legislature was to meet every two years, 
instead of annually. The removal of the state capital from 
Milledgeville to Atlanta was formally voted upon and Atlanta 
duly selected. 

4. In 1879 the Railroad Commission for regulating freight 
and passenger rates on the railroads in the state, was 
organized. The first commission was composed of James 
M. Smith, Campbell V/allace and Samuel Barnett. 



I08 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

5. In 1880 Senator Gordon resigned and Governor Colquitt 
immediately appointed Ex-Governor Brown as Gordon's suc- 
cessor. In August the state convention assembled in Atlanta 
to nominate state officers. Governor Colquitt was again 
nominated, and was opposed by Thomas M. Norwood. But 
Colquitt was re-elected by a large majority. The Legislature met 
in November, 1880. It Avas shown by the governor's message 
that the state was in a very prosperous condition. Senator 
Joseph E. Brown was regularly elected to the United States 
Senate, and James Jackson chief justice of the Supreme Court. 

6. Governor Colquitt was elected United States senator as 
soon as his term of office as governor expired. He was 
succeeded as governor by Alexander H, Stephens, who was 
inaugurated in November, 1882, though more than seventy 
years of age. He was an able and philanthropic man, but 
within a few months after his inauguration was attacked by 
illness that ended his life on March 4, 1883. 

7. James S. Boynton, at that time president of the State 
Senate, became governor upon the death of Stephens. An 
election by the people was immediately ordered, to fill the 
unexpired term of Stephens, which resulted in the choice of 
Henry D. McDaniel. 

8. The Legislature, in 1883, passed a bill for the erection 
of a new capitol building at Atlanta, and appropriated one 
million dollars for this purpose, payable in six annual install- 
ments. The building, which is one of the handsomest of its 
kind, was completed in 1889. 

Questions. — i. Who was next governor, and when elected? 2. What 
is said of Colquitt? 3. When was a new constitution- adopted, and what 
were its changes? What was voted upon? 4. What was organized 
in 1879? Who comprised this commission? 5. Who was appointed 
Gordon's successor as senator? What was the result of the next election ? 
What was shown by the governor's message? 6. To what office was Col- 
quitt next elected, and who succeeded him as ijovernor? What is said of 
Stephens? 8. Who took his place as governor? Who was elected for 
next governor ? 9. What did the Legislature of 1883 do ? 




1^^?=^ 



ADMINISTRATION OF McDANIEL. I 1 I 

CHAPTER XXXIT. 

ADMINISTRATION OF McDANIEL. 

1. Governor McDaniel was re-elected in 1884 for the full 
term of two years, and was succeeded in 1886 by John B. 
Gordon. Governor Gordon served two terms and was 
succeeded in 1890 by William J. Northen, who having 
served one term, was in 1892 chosen to succeed himself, 
and is now governor of the state. 

2. Governor Northen was the candidate of an organization 
known as the Farmers' Alliance, which came into existence in 
1890. It was not at first a political party, but was intended 
to advance the interests generally of the farming community. 
It was a secret organization with grips, pass-words, and other 
paraphernalia of such societies, and excluded from membership 
all who were not farmers or directly interested in agricultural 
pursuits. Ministers who preached in the country were admitted, 
others were excluded. The primary cause of its coming into 
being was dissatisfaction with the management of the state's 
affairs, discrimination by the Legislature against the farming 
interests, and a desire to bring about a general reform in 
political matters. Acting upon these principles they elected the 
governor and other officers in 1890, but from that time 
forward the Alliance gradually drifted into partisan politics, 
and in a great measure lost sight of its original purposes. 

3. So great was the dissatisfaction among its members that 
a new party was formed called the Third party, or the People's 
party, which resulted in the election by the regular Democratic 
party, of most of its candidates in 1892. Governor Northen 
had no opposition for his second term, and was the choice of 
all parties. 

4. Before closing this chapter it is proper to make special 
mention that Honorable Charles F. Crisp, representative in 
Congress from the third district, was elected Speaker of the 



112 TIIR UISTOKV OF GEORGIA. 

House for the fifty-third Congress. His abihty as a statesman, 
his urbanity and conservatism, rendered him pecuUarly fit for 
this high office. He has not disappointed the expectations 
of those who chose him, and commands the respect of the 
members, and of the people at large. 

Another signal honor done to the people of Georgia was the 
selection by Mr. Cleveland of the Honorable Hoke Smith as 
Secretary of the Interior. It is all the more complimentary 
to Mr. Smith because he had never been a member of Congress 
nor the governor of his state. (Portraits of these gentlemen 
will be found on succeeding pages.) 

5. The general condition of the state is prosperous. Her 
population is increasing, her factories are multiplying, and her 
towns and cities are growing. Her farmers, in common with 
all citizens of the state, have recovered from the results of the 
war, and every kind of business diligently followed is rewarded 
with satisfactory returns. The whites and the negroes, as a 
rule, are living upon the same soil in peace and harmony, and 
were it not for the crippled old soldiers and the widows of those 
who lost their lives in the Confederate service, there would be 
nothing to detract from the full contentment and happiness of 
the people. 

6. Let us not forget to be duly and constantly grateful to a 
kind Providence for all we have and enjoy. 

Questions. — i. Who was elected governor in 1884.'' Who succeeded 
him ? Who was elected in 1S92 .'' 2. What is said of Northen ? What of 
the Alliance.'' 3. What of the third party.'' 4. What is said of the state's 
condition .'' The whites and negroes ? 



HISTORICAL READINGS. 



HISTORICAL READINGS. 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 

THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE ITS ORIGIN AND GROWTH. 

1. The institution of African slavery is so intimately con- 
nected with the history of Georgia and has been so closely 
interwoven with her civilization, that a brief account of its 
origin, its growth and its sudden abolition should be recorded, 
not for crimination or exculpation, but that the truth of history 
may be vindicated. Facts, cold facts, are history, and they 
never blush to be narrated. 

2. Until 1843, only fifty years ago, African bondage prevailed 
not only in some of the less civilized countries of Europe and 
South America, but in the East Indies, which were under the 
rule of Great Britain, the foremost and most enlightened 
government in the world. Early in this century the slave trade 
became odious to all philanthropists, but slavery itself was not. 
The brutality with which the trade was conducted and the 
"horrors of the middle passage," as it was called, had awak- 
ened the pity of mankind, and by common consent the traffic 
in Africans and their transportation to other countries was 
prohibited under the severest penalties, both in Europe and 
the United ^States, 

3. Notwithstanding this, the institution of slavery continued 
where it had been planted. It not only continued, but was 
encouraged as a moral agency of civilization, until Wilberforce 
began the agitation for its abolishment in England and her 
colonies. But the plant of this great reform was of slow 
growth, and emancipation was not entirely accomplished until 



il^ THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA; 

long after Wilberforce died. Jn 1843, the last of the slaves of 
the English colonies were emancipated, and their owners were 
paid for them out of the national treasury. 

4. The sentiment of the people of the United States against 
slavery was more pronounced than it was in England, and the 
states began early to provide for immediate or gradual eman- 
cipation. Georgia was the first state to prohibit the slave 
trade with Africa, and she kept that prohibition inviolate, while 

■ some of the northern states carried it on long after their own 
slaves were freed. There was to them no profit in slavery, 
but there were fabulous gains in the traffic. Hence, they 
gradually disposed of their own slaves by sending them south, 
and in some instances the young of their slaves were given 
away. (Appleton's Encyclopaedia is authority for this.) 

5. But the feeling in the states was generally averse to 
slavery, and that feeling was for a time stronger at the South 
than at the North. The ordinance of 1787 that excluded the 
institution from the northwestern territories was supported by 
southern men. Pennsylvania provided for gradual emanci- 
pation, and as late as 1840 her slaves were not all free. In 
some cases they were sold for debt. (See Appleton's Encyclo- 
paedia.) Rhode Island and Connecticut had a few left in 
1840, New Jersey had 236 in 1850, New York emancipated 
in 1827. 

6. That the southern states did not emancipate their slaves 
was owing to a variety of circumstances. The climate of the 
South was suited to the negro, and he seemed to be contented 
and happy there. The southerners had invested more money 
in slaves than had their northern brethren. The invention of 
the cotton gin had suddenly stimulated the cultivation of 
cotton, for which the negro was peculiarly fitted, and the growth 
of rice, tobacco and sugar-cane was equally inviting to his 
labor. But more than all these reasons was the fear that the 
slaves were increasing so rapidly as to put the Commonwealth 
in peril if they were freed. They were still affected with the 



THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. I I9 

same race traits that they inherited from barbarian ancestors 
and it was feared that they could not be controlled as freed- 
men or as citizens. 

7. Still there was an intelligent number of our people who 
favored gradual emancipation. This sentiment was slowly but 
surely spreading. Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Chief Justice of 
our Supreme Court, was outspoken as a co-worker with the 
gradual emancipation policy, inaugurated and advocated by 
Henry Clay of Kentucky. This policy would doubtless have 
been adopted by Georgia, had her people not resented what 
seemed like attempts to coerce them. Our people said: "If 
you let us alone we may do it, but you cannot drive us. We 
are penned up with these negroes and know where our safety 
lies." 

8. William Lloyd Garrison of Boston, founded the Anti- 
slavery party in 1831. Arthur Tappan became its president 
in 1833. Much money was expended in magnifying and 
exaggerating the abuses of slavery. This party declared that 
all the laws of the government that recognized slavery were 
utterly null and void. As they grew stronger and became 
more aggressive their influence steadily increased. In 1844 
the Abolitionists openly avowed that their object was to effect 
a dissolution of the Union and form a northern republic. They 
declared that a union with slavery was a league with hell and 
a covenant with death. They were the first secessionists and 
they remained so until the late Civil War. The troops they 
furnished and the money they so freely contributed were not 
for the maintenance of the Union, but to effect the freedom of 
the slaves. In i860 William H. Seward spoke from Faneuil 
Hall and said there was a higher law than the Constitution. 

9. When Nathaniel Hawthorne was asked in 1861 if he was 
not in favor of the war, he replied: "Yes, I suppose so, but 
really I don't see what we have to fight about." It seemed 
to him that the South in seceding had done just what the 
Abolitionists desired her to do. This being the case, the 



I 20 TUK HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

intensified hostility of tiiis party toward the South is difficult 
to explain. Only a few years had elapsed since New England 
had emancipated the slaves they had not sold. It was less 
than twenty years since England had emancipated hers, and 
neither Georgia nor any of her sister states was ready for the 
change. Was this cry for abolition an earnest sympathy for the 
slaves, or political hatred for their masters ? Or was it both ? 
— for, as Judge Tourgee says in his "Fool's Errand": "The 
South had controlled the government for fifty years." Many 
politicians at the North were jealous, jealous to exasperation, 
and slavery was but the shibboleth that intensified their 
animosity. Even in New England there were men who made 
no war upon the slave trade, but rather winked at it and 
enjoyed its rich returns. This is not an idle assertion, but an 
established fact, if Northern historians are to be believed. In 
1820 Justice Story, the great jurist, charged the grand juries of 
his New England circuit in the following words : — 

10. "We have but too many undeniable proofs from un- 
questionable sources that the African slave trade is still carried 
on among us with all the implacable ferocity and insatiable 
rapacity of former times. Avarice has grow^n more subtle in 
its invasion of the law. It watches and seizes its prey with an 
appetite quickened rather than suppressed. American citizens 
are steeped up to their very mouths in this iniquity." 

11. W. W. Story, his gifted son, in writing the biography of 
his father, says: — "The fortunes of many men of prominence 
were secretly invested in this infamous practice. Slavery itself 
had hardly disappeared in New England when the slave trade 
took on new life and was winked at. A man might still have 
position in society and claim consideration as a gentleman, 
nay, as a Christian, while his ships were freighted with human 
cargo and his commerce was in the blood and pain of his 
fellow creatures. This practice was abstractly inveighed 
against, but was secretly indulged in. The chances of great . 
fortunes inflamed the cupidity of men in my father's circuit. 



THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. 121 

It is notorious tliat many large fortunes were the blood money 
of the slave trade, and owed their existence to the wretched 
cargoes that survived the horrors of the middle passage. But 
this charge of my father to the grand juries of Massachusetts 
and Rhode Island seemed only to arouse the passions of those 
engaged in the traffic. The newspapers of the day publicly 
denounced my father, and one paper in Boston declared that 
any judge who would deliver such a charge ought to be hurled 
from the bench." 

12. And so the traffic went on unmolested. Still there were 
no prosecutions. The navies of the world seemed to be asleep, 
or, perhaps, the traffic was still winked at by the owners of the 
merchantmen that traversed the seas. 

13. This much has been recorded to show to the youths 
of this generation that neither Georgia nor the South was 
responsible for slavery, nor for the traffic in slaves across the 
seas, for from 1776 down to the present time, there was but a 
single attempt made by a Southern man to introduce African 
slaves into a Southern port, and that attempt was a failure. A 
small yacht, called Wanderer, was seized and condemned and 
her officers were pursued with unrelenting vigor by a Southern 
man. General Henry R. Jackson, who was then Assistant 
Attorney-General of the United States. 

14. But, after all, slavery was really the provoking cause of 
the late unhappy war between the states. Georgia seceded 
from the Union not because she desired to perpetuate slavery, 
but rather because she could not maintain what she believed 
to be her rights under the Constitution. She desired an outlet 
in the territories for the disposition of her slaves, for their 
rapid increase was alarming. She believed that it was perilous 
to emancipate, and sti41 more perilous to await results. Those 
of her citizens who were not slave owners were rapidly 
emigrating to the west. The most thoughtful men in Georgia, 
particularly those advanced in years, saw and felt the peril of 
their situation. Secession meant war, and to remain in the 



122 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Union was to be imprisoned by state lines with an inferior 
race that might become a danger and a menace. A few slaves 
had been manumitted and sent to Liberia, but the result was 
bad, very bad. 

15. Major Waters, a wealthy planter of Gwinnett County, 
had by will manumitted thirty-seven slaves, and his executor 
delivered them in Savannah to the Colonization Society. They 
were well provided with clothing, $100 in gold was presented 
to each, and they were sent to Liberia free of charge. Thirty 
of them died within twelve months. The remaining seven 
escaped from their exile and found passage in a merchant 
vessel for Philadelphia. Thence they returned to Georgia 
through the friendly aid of Howell Cobb and Alexander H. 
Stephens, who furnished them the means of getting home. 
This case is fully reported in one of the earlier volumes of our 
Supreme Court reports, for the will of Major Waters was 
contested by his heirs. 

16. The common people of the South, the yeomanry, the 
toilers, were no lovers of the negro. They realized that he 
was in their way. The slave-holders owned the best of the 
land, lived in fin'e houses, and had the best stock, the best 
tools, and the best vehicles, while the toilers had to take what 
they could get. No wonder they were jealous of the institution. 
And yet these men, poor, and struggling for a livelihood in the 
mountains of north Georgia, or down in the piney woods of 
the southern counties, did not hesitate to shoulder their rifles 
and hurry to their country's call. " My country, right or 
wrong," was their motto. Only one-seventh of the tax-payers 
of the state were owners of slaves in i860, and not more than 
one soldier in ten was interested in slavery. In fact, certain 
counties in north Georgia sent more soldiers to the field than 
there were slaves in those counties. 

17. Anti-slavery was not a predominant sentiment in the 
North outside of New England. The cry of the West and of 
most of the North was, "The Union, it must be preserved." 



THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. 1 23 

General Grant, whom the North idoUzed and honored, was 
himself a slave-owner, and lived off their hire in St. Louis 
until freedom came. Some of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln's kindred 
in Kentucky were slave-owners, and her brother served as a 
staff officer in the Confederate army. Mr. Lincoln himself 
declared that he signed the Emancipation Proclamation only as 
a war measure to suppress the rebellion, as it was called, and 
to save the Union. * He repeatedly refused to take such a step, 
though urged by the members of Cabinet to do so. General 
Fremont, in August, 1861, issued a military order that emanci- 
pated the slaves of rebels in Missouri. Mr. Lincoln promptly 
revoked this order. In May, 1862, General Hunter issued a 
similar order, declaring all slaves in Georgia, South Carolina 
and Florida forever free. When Mr. Lincoln heard of it he 
immediately issued a proclamation declaring it void, and in 
his letter to Horace Greeley, in August, 1862, he said : "My 
paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save 
or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without 
freeing any slaves, I would do it. If I could do it by freeing 
all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing 
some and leaving others alone, I would do that." 

18. In the minds of both Lincoln and Grant there was but 
little sentiment concerning slavery as an institution, but after 
the emancipation they very naturally accepted all the honor 
which the North and England showered down upon them and 
entered heartily into plans for the safe adjustment of the 
matters that the sudden enfranchisement involved. 

19. Such, my young friends, were the causes and conse- 
quences of the institution of slavery in Georgia. For half a 
century it had proved a blessing to both races. A blessing to 
the negro because it had brought him from a savage state to 
semi-civilization, and had elevated his children and given them 
a chance to live as human beings and to worship God as 
Christians. A blessing to the white race because it cleared up 
the forests, advanced agriculture and built railroads. But, as 



124 ''"'•^'' HISTORY OF (iEORGlA. 

the years rolled on, it seemed to be manifest that the institution 
had run its course, and that the time was near at hand when it 
would cease to be a blessing to either race. Long before the 
war its doom was inevitable, for even had secession succeeded 
slavery could not have been maintained against the convictions 
of the unfriendly North and of the nations that sympathized 
with her. 

20. Why this wonderful change in the status of four million 
slaves had to be baptized in blood and in tears to make it a 
reality, is known only to that Providence who doeth all things 
well. We might as well ask why Cain was permitted to kill 
Abel, or why Napoleon was permitted to ravage Europe and 
destroy millions of lives. 

21. But the negro was safe during the entire struggle. 
Whether he remained at home or fled he was in no danger. 
He seemed to have no deep concern about his freedom or a 
continuation of his bondage. Thousands of them followed 
their young masters in the war, and many of them were 
captured, but few remained in the Northern lines. " Gwine 
back to Dixie," was their song. Never was such mutual 
affection shown between master and servant ; never such proof 
that in the main the master was kind and the servant loyal. 
During the four bloody years when our men were in the field 
and their wives, mothers and daughters were unprotected at 
home, not a single act of violence was heard of from the 
Potomac to the Rio Grande. As General Jackson so beautifully 
said, " They deserve a monument that should reach the stars, 
and on it I would inscribe 'To the loyalty of the slaves of the 
Confederate States during the years 1862, '63 and '64.' " 



THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 1 25 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 

1. An influential number of tlie Northern people were 
Federalists from principle. That is, they were followers of 
Alexander Hamilton, who wanted a strong central government, 
and would prefer to wipe out state lines and state rights rather 
than not have it. Many of their ambitious men were political 
enemies of the South because Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, 
Calhoun, Jackson and other Southern men remained in power 
so long and controlled the patronage of the Government. But 
the enmity of the common people arose from a sympathy for 
the negro. They knew nothing about him or his condition, for 
they never visited us, but they believed all that the political 
leaders told them. When the war came they rushed into it 
with an intense excitement. They expected the slaves to 
welcome them at the border with their hands outstretched and 
to join with them in a strike for their own freedom. 

2. But this sympathy for the slave, which armed so many 
men and gathered so much money, had no substantial founda- 
tion, for there was no happier race of people upon earth 
than the negroes of the South. Their average condition was 
infinitely better than that of the poor who lived in the slums 
of the great cities of the North. They had all the necessaries 
of life and many of its comforts, and in the main were more 
independent and had less care, less responsibility than their 
masters. Young negroes grew up to manhood with the children 
of their master, frolicked with them by day and hunted with 
them by night. They had their corn-shuckings, their harvest 
suppers and their Christmas dances, and their merry laugh 
was always heard, in the field by day and at the fireside by 
night. The masters were almost universally kind^ — ^kind from 
good policy if nothing else. It was as much to their interest 



126 THE HLSTORV OF GEORGIA. 

to keep their slaves in good condition as it was to protect and 
nourish their horses and cows. It was rare to see a puny, 
sickly negro child, or one that was malformed or diseased. 
Corn bread, pot liquor, big hominy and plenty of grease saved 
doctors' bills. There was a trusting companionship between the 
young people of both races, but the color line was drawn and 
dominion was on one side and obedience on the other. 

3. All the great writers on political economy agree, that a 
healthy increase of population depends mainly upon the thrift 
and contentment of the people. Never did a race increase 
faster than the slaves of the South. Nowhere was such ripe 
old age to be found among the parents. Good food was 
abundant on the plantations and comfortable clothing came 
from the home-made loom and spinning-wheel. Negro infants 
and children were always cared for by their master and 
mistress, and so were the aged ones who had served out their 
day and were too old to work. Simple medicines and good 
physicians were near at hand, and the negro was almost without 
care or apprehension. The marriage relation was enforced 
among them and divorces were unknown. They multiplied 
rapidly, in many cases the parents living to see more than a 
hundred descendants. One case in Carolina is well authenti- 
cated where the female ancestor lived to be 104 years old, and 
had, when she died, about 1000 descendants. She became a 
mother at 15, had 22 children when 45, and 200 grandchildren 
and great-grandchildren when 75. How does this picture 
compare with such exceptional cases as those made in "Uncle 
Tom's Cabin"? Whenever there was cruelty on the part of 
the master, it became a matter of public concern. Neither the 
courts nor the grand juries would tolerate it. Public opinion 
was against it, and the South has always been proud that 
nowhere upon earth were a people to be found who were more 
sensitive to the touch of humanity. Of course there were 
many bad negroes, and bad negroes had to be punished, and 
they were sometimes put upon the block and sold, but as a 



THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 12/ 

rule families were kept together, and when their master died 
and division had to be made among the children, they were 
divided by families. If they were sold by the administrator 
to pay debts, they were sold by families, and in most cases 
they had chosen their masters before the sale. Separation of 
families was the exception and a rare occurrence. In the 
main, the relation of master and slave was one of tenderness 
and humanity. Let these facts go down into history and our 
people be vindicated. 

4. But every distinct race of human beings has its peculiar 
traits. The Indian is marked for the strength of his friendship 
and his undying revenge. He will travel miles to reward a 
friend who has been kind to him, and he will do the same 
thing to take revenge upon an enemy. The negro will do 
neither. His animal passions and appetites are strong, but 
his resentment and his sense of gratitude for favors are weak. 
He has but a limited idea of conscience, and less of remorse. 
He is a faithful and willing servant, a good companion, a trusty 
messenger, and he enjoys an emotional religion that condones 
every offence and makes him happy. The race traits of the 
full blooded African for pilfering were known to their old 
masters in slavery times, and were kept under restraint by 
reasonable punishment. A propensity to small pilfering or 
^'taking things'' as they call it, seems to be born in the negro. 
With but few exceptions, the confidential servants, the cooks, 
the nurses, the house boys and the waiting maids, will "take 
things " from their employers. Their religion does not prevent 
it. Forty per cent of the negro criminals are members of the 
church. Education does not eradicate it. Indeed, the kind of 
education they get seems rather to stimulate it, for out of 1744 
colored convicts in our prisons, 965 are there for larceny in 
some form, and most of them can read and write; 141 7 are 
under thirty years of age and of course knew nothing of 
slavery. The old negroes who were trained while in bond- 
age by good masters, are not in the chain gang, and it is 



128 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

pitiful to hear them lament in sorrow over the sins of their 
children. 

5. It is safe to say that five times the present number would 
be in the chain gang if the laws were enforced against the 
rising generation. But they are not. Town marshals and 
employers are kind to them and make no prosecutions for the 
petty thefts that occur in every family that hires a negro. The 
Commissioners' Report shows that eight per cent of the negro 
convicts are serving their second term for a repetition of 
the crime for which they were first punished. It is indeed 
alarming that the number of criminals is on the increase. 
The rate far outruns the increase in population. Two hundred 
and forty-six prisoners have been added to the chain gang within 
the last two years — 246 more than the number of discharges. 

6. And yet these crimes are not heinous nor malicious, for 
the negro rarely steals very valuable things, knowing them to 
be valuable. It is with him a race trait and is even more 
marked than the trait which inclines the white race to cheat, or 
overreach, or deceive in trading. The difference is that the 
negro suffers less shame at being caught, and neither his 
religious standing nor his social position is disturbed. This 
trait was kept subdued when the negroes were in slavery. 
There were then 200 white convicts in the penitentiary and no 
nesfroes. Now there are less than 200 whites and over 2000 
negroes, if we include the county convicts that are not in 
charo^e of the commissioner. In the old times the master 
adjusted the larceny business at home, just as he settled 
the sins of his children. But there were no chains, no 
manacles, no starvation, no bloodhounds; no stripes that put 
the offender's life in peril. Look at the old-time negroes who 
are still left us as witnesses, and listen to their praises of their 
old masters and mistresses, and of their young master who 
went to the war. 

7. Their natural contentment and total lack of apprehension 
about the future is another race trait, and is as marked as the 



WHY GEORGIA WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 1 29 

discontent, the restlessness and the ambition of the white race. 
This trait will forever keep them from amassing wealth, and 
from securing any appreciable degree of independence. They 
will continue to be servants and vassals of the superior race. 
Education has not improved their industry or their morals. 
Just as a higher education has unfitted many of the whites for 
the ordinary callings and occupations of life, so has it unfitted 
a much larger proportion of the negro race for the labor for 
which their muscular forms seem fitted. It is well, probably, 
that all people have a chance to soar among the stars, but few 
can ever reach them, and the edict of the Garden is still in 
force, " By the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread." 

8. The survivors of the slaves and their descendants are 
with us yet, and but for the continued and persistent efforts of 
some Northern politicians to use them for political advantages, 
they would be contented with their condition. They have 
been sorely tempted, sorely tried, but have at last realized that 
the North does not want them as neighbors, and that their 
best friends are nearer home. They now constitute forty- 
seven per cent of our population. Those on the farms who 
live and labor under the control and assistance of generous 
landlords, suffer no want, have the privileges of schools and 
churches, and are content with their condition. Those who 
have gathered in the large cities, have as a general rule 
acquired all the vices that a crowded population engenders, 
and from these cities come most of the convicts that make up 
the colored army in our chain gangs. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

WHY GEORGIA WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 

I. About the year 1850, the utterances of Northern philan- 
thropists against slavery, became more manifest and there began 
to be heard mutterings and threats. Unscrupulous politicians 



130 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

always seek a hobby whereon to ride into power. They manu- 
facture great wrongs and outrages, and feed the prejudices of 
the common people. All admit that this element was not 
wanting in the North, and was no doubt responsible in part for 
the formation of a sectional party, branching out under different 
names, such as the Disunion party, the Republican party, the 
Friends of Freedom, and the Abolition party, all of which came 
to be known, in 1856, as the Republican party. This was the 
first sectional party in the history of the Union. Garrison and 
Phillips, the New England agitators, were for disunion. 
Garrison had a public burning of the Constitution, and in a 
Fourth of July speech, said, " The Union is a lie ; let us up 
with the flag of disunion." Phillips said, "The Constitution 
of our fathers was a mistake. Let us tear it to pieces and 
make a better one." The excitement over Kansas thoroughly 
aroused all the anti-slavery elements. Emigrant societies were 
organized to fill up that territory and keep it from being made 
a slave state. Large sums of money were raised. Arms and 
ammunition were purchased, and large companies of men were 
dispatched. A prominent leader in Kansas was the notorious 
John Brown, afterwards hanged in Virginia for his attack upon 
Harper's Ferry. Though men have differed widely about John 
Brown, we cannot look upon him as anything but a fanatic, 
desperate and at least half mad. At this time even churches 
were not slow to incite bloodshed. Henry Ward Beecher 
declared from his pulpit that Sharp's Rifles were better than 
Bibles, and that " it was a crime to shoot at a slaveholder and 
not hit him." 

2. The North was everywhere being educated for the war. 
Joshua Giddings of Ohio, another prominent leader, said : " I 
look forward to the day when I shall see a servile insurrection 
in the South, when the black man, supplied with bayonets, 
shall wage a war of extermination against the whites, when the 
master shall see his dwelling in flames and his hearth polluted, 
and though I may not mock at their calamity, yet I shall hail 
it as the dawn of a political millennium." 



WHY GEORGIA WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 1 33 

3. The "Helper Book," of 300 pages, was published as a 
campaign document. It was full of such anathemas as " Slave- 
holders are more criminal than murderers," and "The negroes 
will be delighted at the opportunity to cut their masters' 
throats." 

4. Senator Wilson of Massachusetts, attended a public 
meeting where it was resolved "that it is the duty of the 
Northern people to incite the slaves to resistance." Horace 
Greeley said, "History will accord an honorable niche to old 
John Brown," and Emerson said that "John Brown's gallows 
was as glorious as the cross." 

5. Now all this time General Grant was a slave-owner, and 
lived off their hire. Lincoln's kindred in Kentucky were slave- 
owners, and the slaves of the South were working peacefully 
and happily in the fields by day, hunting or fishing by night, 
making brooms or foot mats or baskets, perhaps playing 
marbles at noon, or seining on Saturday evenings, and as 
innocent of all this excitement as children unborn. But the 
crusade went on. The zeal of the abolitionists was unrelenting. 

6. In 1852 Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, sister of the 
Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, wrote a book called "Uncle 
Tom's Cabin," which was intended to fire the Northern heart 
against slavery, and such was the pitiful story told that it 
succeeded beyond her most sanguine expectations. This 
romance was in no respect a typical relation of the condition 
of the Southern slave, but the Northern people believed it and 
set the Southerners down as barbarians who knew no mercy. 
The pulpit and the press took up the book and it was made at 
the same time a text for the philanthropist and a weapon for 
the politicians. The common people, who in the main were 
sincere though ill-informed, believed all that was said or 
written against the South, and when the war began they were 
ripe for the conflict. But few of the Northern people had ever 
visited the South and remained long enough to witness and 
understand the true relation of the slave to his master. Those 
who came to stay soon comprehended it and were reconciled 



134 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

to the patriarchial relation, and grew to be our fast friends. 
They either hired or owned slaves, and when the war came 
they affiliated with us and sustained us heroically against the 
invasions and exactions of their Northern brethren. There 
was hardly an exception to this in all the land, and these men 
were generally of a high order of intelligent manhood. They 
were the presidents of our colleges, the teachers of our schools, 
the editors of our newspapers. Some of them were upon the 
bench of our highest courts and some were our foremost pulpit 
orators. They remonstrated and entreated, but their pleadings 
were in vain. Never was an institution more misunderstood, 
never a good people so maligned. Between the cries of " The 
Union, the Union," "The Slave, the Slave," the South suddenly 
realized that she had no friends beyond her limits, and must 
befriend and defend herself. 

7. As for the battle cry of "The Union," the South could 
see nothing in it but a theory and a threat of force. In the 
opinion of the ablest men of the South and many in the North 
the thirteen original states came together in a compact, a 
copartnership for mutual protection against foreign foes. It 
was never conceived that they could not separate for cause, 
when the cause came. This question has now been settled by 
force, but the South recognizes that the results of the war have 
settled it against the doctrine of state rights as maintained by 
Calhoun, Troup, Cobb, "Joe" Brown, Toombs, and hundreds 
of the greatest and best writers on this question. 

8. Jefferson had said, "The states may withdraw their 
delegated powers." Madison said, " The states themselves 
must be the judges whether the bargain has been preserved 
or broken." Chief Justice Chase said, " If a state should 
withdraw and resume her powers, I know of no remedy to 
prevent it." Edward Everett said, ''To expect to hold fifteen 
states in the Union by force is preposterous. If our sister 
states must leave us, in the name of Heaven let them go." 
Horace Greeley said in the jyibu/ie, three days before South 



WHY GEORGIA WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 1 35 

Carolina seceded, "The Declaration of Independence justifies 
her in doing so," and after other states had seceded he said, 
"Wayward sisters, depart in peace." It was not treason, and 
when it was proposed to try Jefferson Davis after the surrender 
for high treason, the greatest lawyers of the North advised 
against it, and assured the government that he could not 
be convicted, for no one could be convicted of treason for 
seceding. 

9. The South saw that it was useless to cry peace when 
there was no peace. Compromise after compromise had been 
offered by Crittenden and Douglas and other conservative 
statesmen, but all were rejected, and at last, when Lincoln 
was elected on a sectional platform, and while the North was 
singing, "John Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave," 
the Southern members withdrew from the Congress of the 
nation and came home for counsel. It seemed that it was 
better to separate in peace than to remain longer in discord. 
South Carolina was the first to break the chain, Georgia 
followed. The Southern people did not doubt the right of 
secession, but many good men doubted its policy. Even 
Daniel Webster, the great expounder, said in his last great 
speech at Capon Springs the year before he died, " I repeat 
that if the Northern states refuse wilfully and deliberately to 
carry into effect that part of the Constitution which respects 
the restoration of fugitive slaves, and Congress provides no 
remedy, the South would not longer be bound to observe the 
compact. A bargain cannot be broken on one side and still 
bind the other side." 

10. The Northern states did refuse and Congress provided 
no remedy. Hence the Southern states withdrew from the 
Union, withdrew peaceably, claiming nothing but what was on 
their soil and leaving to the North the capital and all the 
nation's treasures. ik-*" 

11. This secession resulted speedily in a war, a horrible, 
terrible war, but the negro did not cut his master's throat nor 
defile his hearthstone. 



136 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

CHAPTER XXXVI. 

THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 

1. Before the late war there were two distinct types of Anglo- 
Saxon civilization occupying the Southern states, especially 
those states lying east of the Mississippi River. They were 
the common people and the aristocracy. While these classes 
intermingled and sometimes intermarried, the line was plainly 
marked and seemed to grow more visible as the years rolled 
on. The institution of slavery helped to keep it bright. 

2. It was not a line between the poor and rich, nor between 
the ignorant and the educated, nor between slave-holders and 
non-slave-holders. It was not a political line dividing the 
Whigs from the Democrats, but nevertheless it was a line which 
all of these helped to make, and it gradually grew into one of 
social equality, or inequality. The toilers did not often mate 
with the aristocrats nor intrude upon them socially. Indeed, 
they occupied for the most part, different sections of the state, 
the common people settling in the mountain region or down in 
the piney woods, while the wealthier class lived in middle 
Georgia, or on the coast, where their slaves could grow cotton 
and rice to advantage. 

3. These common people had settled down in advance of 
the schoolmaster and long before railroads were built, so their 
children grew up without education, and their only chance for 
learning was a mother's love and solicitude. She would teach 
them all that she had not forgotten — she always does. The 
father may be educated but he will not trouble himself to teach 
his children. He is too busy by day, too tired at night. 
Before the war there were in north Georgia at least two gener- 
ations that had grown up with but a limited education — in 
fact, with none to speak of, for it was rare to find a man among 
them who could read or write. It was history repeating itself. 



THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 1 3/ 

Daniel Boone could read, but his children could not. The 
year before the war the percentage of illiteracy in Georgia was 
twenty-six. Twenty-six white persons over eight years of age 
in every hundred could neither read nor write. This was for 
the whole state ; but in some of the mountain counties the 
average was sixty-six. The itinerant preacher had been there, 
but not the schoolmaster. The rude people had been taught 
how to live and how to die. Their morals had been preserved 
but not their manners. 

4. The cotter's Saturday night in old Scotland was not more 
humbly devotional than the gathering of these rough people at 
the log church on a Sabbath morning. There were none to 
molest or make them afraid. They came as best they could — 
on foot, on horseback, or in the farm-wagon. They came in 
families, parents and children. They sat upon the puncheon 
seats and devoutly listened as the preacher stretched forth his 
arms and said : " Let us worship God." It is a lasting tribute 
to these people that while their percentage of illiteracy was 
sixty-six, their percentage of crime was only two in one 
thousand adults. In portions of the North where illiteracy is 
from four to six per cent., crime seems to have increased in an 
inverse ratio, for as illiteracy decreases crime increases, unless 
morality and religion are taught in the schools. And so since 
the war, when railroads and revenue laws have penetrated the 
mountain homes of these people, crime has been on the 
increase, and the moonshiner has become an outlaw. There 
was a time when his father and his grandfather distilled their 
fruit in a limited and honest way, and worshipped God, and 
violated no law. There was a time when there were no locks 
on their doors, and the stranger always found a welcome — a 
time when there were no hip-pockets for deadly weapons, when 
jails were empty, and half the week was sufficient to clear the 
court-house docket. 

5. There was a time when these men so loved their country 
that on the first alarm they picked their flints, shouldered 



138 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

their rifles and hurried to General Jackson's call ; or, later, to 
fight the Indians in Florida ; or, still later, to old Virginia to 
defend what they believed to be their rights under the Consti- 
tution. What a mistake to say these men were fighting for 
slavery, when not one in a hundred owned a slave ; when in a 
single county that sent twelve companies to the war there were 
less than a hundred negroes ; when in the entire state only 
fourteen per cent, of the tax-payers were slave-owners. But 
they fought. They fought as their forefathers did who resisted 
a little tax on tea, though not one in a thousand drank it. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY, CONTINUED. 

1. The aristocracy of the South was before the war mainly 
an aristocracy of wealth, education and dominion. Either of 
these gives power and influence. All of them combined lift 
a man above the toilers and command their respect as well 
as their envy. The aristocrats were generally gentlemen of 
education, refinement, manners and a sentiment of adjusting 
personal conflicts by the code of honor. Money helps to 
establish their title, of course, but it is not absolutely essential. 
Indeed, it is possible that there are rich common people and 
poor aristocrats. The results of the war developed many of 
both classes. Our cities are full of the former, and they are 
generally the leading men in mercantile business and industrial 
pursuits. The old time aristocrats esteemed themselves to be 
gentlemen, and generally they were. They were of good stock 
and thoroughbred. Whether one was riding or walking you 
could tell him by his carriage- — by the vehicle he rode in or 
the measured dignity with which he walked about. 

2. That vehicle was as unique as a Chinaman's palanquin. 
It did not rest on elliptical springs, but was swung high 



THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 1 39 

between four half circles, and the dickey, or driver's seat, was 
perched still higher, and the driver's bell-crowned hat was the 
first thing that came in sight as the equipage rose into view 
from over a distant hill. There were two folding staircases 
to this vehicle and nobody but an aristocratic lady could ascend 
or descend them with aristocratic grace. The gentleman who 
was born and bred to this luxury was a king in his way — 
limited it is true, but nevertheless a king. His house was not 
a palace, but it was large and roomy, having a broad hall 
and massive chimneys and a verandah ornamented with tall 
Corinthian columns. This mansion was generally situated in 
a grove of venerable oaks. It was set back 100 or 200 yards 
from the big road, and the lane that led to its hospitable gate 
was enfiladed with cedars or lombardy poplars. Fragments 
of the cedars are still left, but the poplars died with the 
old South. They died at the top very like their owners. 
Prominent in the rear of this mansion was the old gin house 
with the spacious circus ground underneath where the horses 
went round and round under the great cog-wheels, and the 
little darkies rode on the beams and popped their home-made 
whips. Not far away were the negro cabins and the orchard 
and the big family garden, and all around were fowls and pigs 
and pigeons and honey bees and hound dogs and pickaninnies 
to keep things lively. The owner of this plant was a gentleman 
and was so regarded by the neighbors. He was a nobleman 
without the title of nobility. He had been through college 
and to New York and to Saratoga and had come back and 
married another gentleman's daughter and settled down. The 
old folks on both sides had given them a start and built the 
mansion and sent over a share of the family negroes to 
multiply and replenish. 

3. He dressed well and carried a gold-headed cane and a 
massive watch and chain that were made of pure gold at 
Geneva. There was a seal attached — a heavy prismatic seal 
that had his monogram. The manner in which he toyed with 



140 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

this chain and seal was one of the visible signs of a gentleman. 
It was as significant as the motion of a lady's fan. The old 
gentleman's "company suit" was a navy blue swallow-tail coat 
ornamented with plain brass buttons that were kept bright and 
burnished; a pair of trousers to match and a white Marseilles 
waistcoat. When these were set off with a beaver hat, a ruffled 
shirt and a bandana handkerchief, the visible make-up of the 
gentleman was complete. 

4. Most of these old-time gentlemen kept what was called 
open house, and all who came were welcome. There was no 
need to send word that you were coming, for food and shelter 
were always ready. The old gentleman called for Dick or 
Jack or Caisar to come and take the horses, put them up and 
feed them. There was plenty of corn and fodder in the crib, 
plenty of big fat hams and leaf-lard in the smoke-house, 
plenty of turkeys and chickens in the back yard, plenty of 
preserves in the pantry, plenty of trained servants to do all 
the work while the lady of the house entertained her guests. 
How proud were those family servants to show off before the 
visitors and display their accomplishments in the kitchen, the 
dining-room and the bed-chamber. They shared the family 
standing in the community and had but little respect for what 
they called the "poor white trash " of the neighborhood. 

5. This old-time gentleman had a rich man's way even 
though he was financially embarassed. His name was in the 
grand jury box, never in the petit jury box. That would have 
been an indignity that would have been resented. There was 
no line of demarkation between the common people and 
aristocracy that was more rigidly drawn than the one that 
separated the grand jury from the petit jury. The aristocrats 
not only held all the prominent offices, but they were colonels 
and majors of the militia. Almost all of the professional men 
came from this aristocratic stock. They were generally Whigs 
in politics, and were the patrons of high schools and colleges, 
and stocked the learned professions with an annual crop of 



THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. I4I 

graduates who were intensely loyal to Henry Clay, Fillmore, 
Toombs, Stephens, John Bell and the code of honor. They 
had wealth, dignity and leisure, and Solomon says that in 
leisure there is wisdom, and so these men became our law- 
makers, our jurists, our statesmen, and they were the shining 
lights in the councils of the nation. But it was an aristocracy 
that was exclusive. It had shut out and overshadowed the 
masses of the common people, just as a broad spreading oak 
overshadows and withers the undergrowth beneath it. 

6. Of course these aristocrats were not all Whigs. There 
were many distinguished exceptions, such as the Jacksons, the 
Cobbs, the Colquitts and the Lumpkins, who were Democrats, 
though of aristocratic birth. Governor Brown was the first 
illustrious statesman to come up from among the common 
people and stay with them and lead them, as Moses led the 
children of Israel. His whole political life has been a fight 
against banks and monopolies, and the power and corruption 
that comes from large fortunes and favoritism. 

7. The result of the war was a fearful fall to the aristocracy 
of Georgia. They lost many of their noble sons in the army, 
and their property soon after. The extent of their misfortunes 
no one will ever know, for "the heart only knoweth its own 
bitterness." Many of them suffered and were strong, but the 
majority gave up to despondency and their children were left 
to scuffle for themselves. The collapse to them was awful. 
They had not been raised to exercise self-denial or economy, 
and it was humiliating in the extreme for them to have to 
descend to the level of the common people. But they did it, 
and did it heroically. And so in the course of time this line 
of demarkation between the common people and the old 
aristocracy began to fade. Finally it passed away. A new 
and a hardier stock came to the front, that class which before 
the war was under a cloud. The results of the war made an 
opening for them and developed their latent energies. With 
no high degree of culture, they nevertheless proved equal to 



142 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

the struggle up the rough hill of life, and began to build up 
\vhat the war had pulled down. They began at the bottom, 
just where the war found them and where it left them. They 
had been reared to work, and their practical energy was soon 
followed by thrift and a general recovery of wasted fields and 
fenceless farms. These men now constitute, in the main, the 
solid men of the state, and have contributed largely to the 
building up of schools and churches and factories and rail- 
roads. They are the modern self-made Southerners, a class 
that forms a striking contrast to the dignity and repose of the 
old patriarchs whose beautiful homes adorned the hills and 
groves of the South before the war. 

8. But the children of these old patriarchs had to come 
down some, and the children of the common people came up 
some, and they have met upon a common plain, and are now 
working happily together, both in social and business life. 
Spirit and blood have united with energy and muscle and it 
makes a good team — the best all-round team the South 
has ever had. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

THE LITERATURE OF GEORGIA. 

1. Considering that Georgia is half a century younger than 
her sisters of the colonial states, her advance in literature has 
been more rapid than any of them. What she has done has 
not been voluminous, but it has been done well and is widely 
varied. 

2. In historic writing and antiquarian research the late 
Colonel Charles C. Jones of Augusta, stands at the head — 
a gentleman of the highest literary culture. His history of 
Georgia as a colony and her struggles for independence are 
of great value and will compare favorably with the life works 



THE LITERATURE OF GEORGIA. I45 

of Prescott and Bancroft. Reverend William Bacon Stevens 
has also written a comprehensive history of the state. The late 
work by Professor Lawton B. Evans intended for the schools, 
is an admirable compilation and composition. Alexander H. 
Stephens has also a school history of the war between the 
states, and Colonel I. W. Avery has a most delightful history 
of Georgia that covers secession and the war and the recon- 
struction period. It reads like a romance and is as graphically 
written as Macaiilaf s History of Eiiglafid. Professor Derry and 
Miss Fields have each written a most excellent history of the 
United States, and Miss Rutherford's and Professor Sandford's 
text-books are standards in the schools. Mrs. Cooper has 
given the schools an admirable work on botany. But for 
painstaking research and facts in detail White's Statistics and 
White's Historical Collections are the most useful books for 
reference that have been compiled. 

3. In the field of biography there are many entertaining 
works. The Life of AIexa7ider H. Stephens by Cleveland and 
another by Richard M. Johnston, The Life of Linto7i Stephens 
by Waddell, The Life of Robert Too77ibs by Stovall, and The 
Life of Ben Hill by his son, are all interesting historical 
treasures. 

4. In the domain of fiction and romance Mrs. Wilson 
(Augusta Evans) takes the lead. She is Georgia born. Mrs. 
Mary E. Bryan has written much of a high order, and William 
Henry Peek and Henry W. Hilliard have written some superior 
romances, and Reverend F. R. Goulding's Young Marooners 
will go along with every generation of children. 

5. In poetry there is a lavish affluence and many of our 
poets rank well with the best of the century. Beginning with 
Richard Henry Wilde, the gifted author of My Life is like the 
SH7?wier Rose, we come down the line of years to General 
Henry R. Jackson, Paul H. Hayne, Father Ryan, James R. 
Randall, Charles W. Hubner, Sidney Lanier, Doctor F. O. 
Tichnor and last, but not least, our own Frank L. Stanton. 



146 THE lllSTURV OF GEORGIA. 

6. In the field of humor Georgia has long been pre-eminent. 
Beginning with Judge Longstreet and his inimitable Georgia 
Scenes, we come down to Colonel William Thompson and his 
Major Jones' Courtship, then to Colonel Richard M. Johnston 
and his Dukeshoro Talcs, and still later to Joel Chandler Harris 
of world-wide fame. We also have Harry Edwards and 
Maurice Thompson and M. M. Folsom who entertain the 
reading public with occasional contributions to the press. 

7. Of public speakers no state has, since the war, had greater 
than Toombs, Ben Hill, Brown, Black, Stephens, Colquitt, 
Gordon, Doctor Miller, Doctor Felton, and last and youngest, 
Henry W. Grady. 

8. But among all the notable men of Georgia, none deserve 
more special mention than her long line of educators. They 
begin with Joseph Meigs, the first President of Franklin 
College (now the State University at Athens) who was a 
lineal descendant of Return Jonathan Meigs of revolutionary 
fame. He was succeeded by Reverend Moses Waddell, who 
was the preceptor of John C. Calhoun, Hugh S. Legare, James 
L. Pettigrew, Alexander H. Stephens, and many others who 
became distinguished in after years. Mr. Waddell married a 
sister of John C. Calhoun. Reverend Alonzo Church was 
another president of the same institution, and the eminent 
brothers, Joseph and John LeConte were professors there. 

9. In charge of other institutions are to be mentioned 
Ignatius Few and Judge Longstreet of Emory College. Judge 
Longstreet was a man of extraordinary talents, and whatever 
he did was done easily and well. He was the son of William 
Longstreet, the inventor, who applied steam to boats before 
Fulton did. His versatile genius made him a great man in 
many ways, and whether as a law-maker or a judge or an 
editor or a teacher or a preacher or in the art of conversation 
or as the author of Georgia Scenes, his work was a success. 
It was a comfort to know him in the vigor of his splendid 
manhood, and also in his dignified decay, when, with feeble 



CONDITION OF THE STATE. 147 

and tottering steps he frequented the sanctum of the Columbus 
Enquirer and wielded his masterly pen for the rights of the 
states. How much of life he lived. Judge of his circuit when 
only thirty years of age; editor of the Augusta Sejitinel, which 
in 1838 consolidated with the Chronicle; then a Methodist 
minister stationed in Augusta, then President of Emory 
College for nine years, then President of the Centenary 
College in Louisiana, then President of Oxford Universityj 
and last, the President of Columbia College, South Carolina; 
and all this time writing often and ably for religious papers 
and literary magazines and agricultural and political journals. 
All this for solid mental food, besides the Georgia Sce?ies and 
Master William Mitten, for a dessert. The late Justice Lamar 
was a graduate of 'Emory' and married Judge Longstreet's 
daughter. 

10. Reverend Atticus Haygood was also a President of 
Emory College, and no Georgian has made a greater repu- 
tation since the war as a writer on religious and ethical 
subjects. 

11. In other institutions and in private schools were 
Nathaniel Beman, Richard Malcolm Johnston, Simpson 
Fouche, the Battles and Caldwells and Howards, all of 
whom have left their impress upon this generation. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

CONDITION OF THE STATE. 

I. The State of Georgia extends from the 35th parallel of 
North latitude southward to the latitude of 30° 22'. Its 
longitude West from Greenwich is from 80° 52', to 84° 45' 20", 
or, West from Washington city, from 3° 48' 40", to 7° 42' 20". 
The greatest length North and South is 320 miles. Its greatest 
breadth. East and West, 254 miles. 



148 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

2. On the North the state is bounded by Tennessee for 
twenty-three miles, and by North Carolina sixty-three and one- 
half miles ; on the East by the Savannah River and the 
Atlantic Ocean : on the South by Florida for 200 miles, and 
on the West by Alabama and Florida. 

3. Georgia contains 58,000 square miles, or 37,120,000 
acres. About twenty per cent, of the lands are in cultivation. 
The remainder is forest. The geographical center of the state 
is about twenty miles south of Macon. 

4. The topography or surface of the state is composed of 
three distinct parts. The first is known as the coastal plain, 
or Southern Georgia, and extends from the Atlantic Ocean 
northwesterly for an average distance of about no miles. A 
line drawn across the state through Americus, Hawkinsville 
and Millen, approximates the northern boundary of the 
coastal plain. 

5. This part of the state is low, and generally flat, or very 
slightly undulating, and rises very gradually from the sea-coast. 
Its elevation above the sea is from 10 to 250 feet. 

6. The second part may be designated as Middle Georgia, 
and extends from the upper edge of the coastal plain to a line 
drawn across the state about through La Grange and Athens. 
This section is hilly, high, well drained, and sloping gradually 
towards the coast plain. Its average elevation above the sea 
is about 650 feet. 

7. The third section, or North Georgia, extends from the 
last-named line to the northern and western boundaries of the 
state. It is not only hilly but mountainous, with rapid rivers 
and long, high ridges and mountain chains. This section 
ranges from 600 to 4800 feet above the sea level. 

8. All the rivers in Southern and Middle Georgia flow into 
the Atlantic Ocean, except the Flint and Suwannee, which flow 
into the Gulf of Mexico. 

9. All the rivers in North Georgia flow into the Gulf of 
Mexico except the Savannah River and branches, which go to 



CONDITION OF THE STATE. 1 49 

the Atlantic Ocean. The water-shed or ridge that divides the 
waters, extends from La Grange northeasterly to Atlanta and 
Gainesville. When it rains in Atlanta part of the water goes 
to the Ocean and the other part to the Gulf. 

10. With such differences in the elevation of different parts 
of the state, we find corresponding differences in the climate 
or temperature. In North Georgia it is generally cool, slightly 
warmer in Middle Georgia, and warmer still as we approach 
the lowlands of the coast. But even there the temperature is 
tempered by the sea breezes, and South Georgia is a delightful 
place of residence at all seasons. 

11. The annual average temperature of the state is 60 
degrees. In North Georgia the average summer temperature 
is 72 degrees ; the winter 32. In South Georgia the averages 
are 80 and 52 degrees for summer and winter respectively. 
The average yearly rainfall is about 48 inches. 

12. The three distinct sections of the state show three 
general classes of soils : dark red and chocolate lands, with 
alluvial soil in the Northern part ; red clay and gray soils in 
Middle Georgia, and sandy alluvial soils in Southern Georgia. 
These soils are all productive, as is abundantly shown by the 
Statistics of Agriculture. 

13. Southern Georgia is known as the " Pine Belt," from 
the fact that the natural growth there is mainly the long-leaf 
pine, so valuable for its lumber, turpentine and rosin. Millions 
of feet of this lumber are shipped every year to all parts of 
the world, and taken all together, it is probably the most 
valuable tree that grows. 

14. In Middle Georgia the timber is mostly oak and hickory. 
This is purely an agricultural section, and is a rich farming 
region. 

15. In North Georgia the timber is better than in Middle 
Georgia, and consists of oak, ash, hickory, poplar, chestnut, 
oak and walnut, and occasional growths of the long-leaf pine 
growing in almost every county. 



150 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

16. The minerals of Georgia are found almost entirely in 
North Georgia. Gold is mined in paying quantities in a few 
counties, especially in Lumpkin County. Copper is found to a 
considerable extent in Paulding County and vicinity. Iron ore 
abounds in every county in northwest Georgia. Manganese is 
found in Floyd, Bartow, Polk and Catoosa counties. Beauxite 
has been found in large quantities in Bartow, Floyd and Polk 
counties. Asbestos, mica, kaolin, and talc, or soapstone, are 
found in large quantities. 

17. The largest marble quarries in the South are in Pickens 
County, and the best granite in America is that from Stone 
Mountain, near Atlanta. Coal is found in only three counties : 
Dade, Walker and Chattooga. 

18. In South Georgia, the principal products are cotton, 
rice and sugar-cane. 

19. In Middle Georgia, cotton, corn and oats, with some 
wheat and hay. 

20. In North Georgia, cotton, wheat, rye, peas and hay. 

21. Fruits grow abundantly in all sections of the state, and 
the shipments of peaches, watermelons, grapes and pears, are 
large, and steadily increasing. 

22. Extending as it does, from a semi-tropical climate at 
the sea-coast to a region of comparative cold in the mountains 
of North Georgia, the state offers every variety of temperature, 
soil and products, and its resources, both vegetable and 
mineral, are more numerous and varied than those of any other 
state in the Union. 

23. The principal rivers of the state are, the Savannah, 
navigable 250 miles, from Augusta to Savannah ; the Ogeechee, 
navigable from its mouth to Louisville, 150 miles ; the Oconee, 
navigable from its junction with the Ocmulgee to Milledgeville, 
about 200 miles ; the Ocmulgee, from its junction with Oconee 
to Macon, about 275 miles ; the Ocmulgee and the Oconee from 
the Altamaha, navigable to Darien, about 80 miles ; the Flint 
to Albany, about 250 miles; the Chattahoochee, navigable to 



CONDITION OF THE STATE. I5I 

Columbus, 300 miles ; the Coosa, 50 miles in Georgia and 150 
in Alabama ; the Oostanaula and the Coosawattee from Rome 
to Carter's Landing, 105 miles. 

24. There are very many smaller streams, such as the 
Etowah, the Conasauga, Chicamauga, Ohoopee, Satilla, St. 
Marys, and others. The state is exceedingly well watered. 

25. The highest mountains are in North Georgia, Mount 
Enotah, in Towns county, being the highest, 4796 feet above 
the sea level. Bald Mountain, in Rabun County, is 4718 feet 
high. Other very high mountains are Blood Mountain, Yonah, 
Grassy and Pine Log, with many of less elevation. 

26. A straight line from the mouth of the Savannah River 
to the mouth of the St. Marys is only a little more than 100 
miles long, but the coast-line is so irregular that the actual 
length of coast is more than 400 miles. 

27. The principal harbors are Savannah, Brunswick, St. 
Marys and Darien, and others of less depth of water. These 
four furnish ample outlet and inlet for the commerce of a 
dozen states. 

28. The largest island belonging to Georgia is Cumberland 
Island, about thirty miles long and from two to four miles 
wide. It has the finest sea beach in America. Other islands 
are St. Simons, Sapelo, Ossabaw, Warsaw, St. Catherines, 
Jekyl, and some smaller ones. They are all low and flat, but 
are capable of producing fine crops of Sea Island cotton and 
sugar-cane. Their natural vegetation consists of live oaks, 
pines, palmettos and many tropical plants and vines. 



APPENDIX. 



APPENDIX 



The Georgia Penitentiary, George H. Jones, 
Principal Keeper. 

1. The Penitentiary of Georgia was until the close of the 
war located at Milledgeville. It then had a local habitation, 
but now has none. There were massive brick walls and watch- 
towers surrounding a large area, within which were the cells, 
with grated doors and windows, where the convicts lived. 
Within this enclosure there were shops of various kinds for 
the manufacture of shoes, wagons, buggies, harness, and other 
things, and there was a tan-yard for making leather. The 
convicts were all white, not because the whites alone committed 
crimes, but the laws provided home punishment for the 
negroes. 

2. When freedom came to the negro and he was declared a 
citizen the old penitentiary system had to be abandoned, and 
the lease system was substituted in its stead. There was 
much complaint from the mechanics because the convicts 
worked at their trades and competed with them and the state 
could undersell their products. It was also foreseen that 
under the new status of the negro, the penitentiary would have 
to be greatly enlarged and the expense of keeping it up be an 
ever-increasing burden upon the state. 

3. And so the lease system was established and is yet in 
force. It has gone through many trials and received much 
adverse criticism, but so do all systems of punishment that 
take away the liberty of the citizen and force him to labor. 



156 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

Humane people are apt to forget the crime and sympathize 
with the criminal. 

4. But it is believed that with the watchful care that the 
crovernor and the state officials exercise over the treatment of 
the convicts, they are really better off at outdoor labor than if 
confined by day within prison walls and in gloomy cells by 
night. The convicts are now located at seventeen perma- 
nent camps. 

5. In Dade there are four camps, all under one control, and 
having in charge 631 convicts, all engaged in mining coal and 
burning coke. The Chattahooche Brick Company have in 
charge 604 men, who are mining in Walker County, making 
brick in Fulton or milling in Dooly County. James M. Smith 
has 203 men, some of whom are on his farm in Oglethorpe, 
and the remainder at saw-mills in Ware and Dooley counties. 
T. J. James has 104 men at saw-mills in Johnson County. W. 
B. Lowe has 342 men at saw-mills in Wilcox, Dodge, Liberty 
and Pierce Counties. 

6. The women, numbering fifty-four negroes and two whites, 
are all worked on a f'arm in Elbert County, by Colonel W. 
H. Maddox. 

7. There were in camp on ist October, 1892, 1940 convicts, 
of whom 194 are whites and 17 10 are negroes. Compared 
with ist October, 1890, there has been a net increase of 274 
within two years. This increase is wholly colored, the number 
of white convicts increasing only about as fast as they are 
discharged. 

8. This total of colored convicts does not include a consid- 
erable number (about 200) who are by special statutes assigned 
to the control of certain cities and counties for public work, 
and not included in the Commissioner's report. At present 
rate of increase of colored convicts there will be in ten years 
an average of over 3000 to provide for. 

9. It is worthy of careful consideration that of these colored 
convicts there are 700 under twenty-one years of age, 141 7 



APPENDIX. 



157 



under thirty years of age, and who knew nothing of slavery. 
Only eighty-two (or less than five per cent.) are over forty 
years. The old ante-bellum slaves are not convicts. 

10. Of all the colored convicts, 965 are imprisoned for 
larceny in some form. Forty-four per cent, are members of 
the church in good standing, thirty-seven per cent, can read 
and write, and eight per cent, are serving a second term. 

Universities and Colleges. 

I. The University of Georgia is located at Athens. From 
time to time branch colleges have been added to the university, 
subject to its control. These branch colleges are located as 
follows: 



Technological School, 


Atlanta, 


Male. 


North Georgia Agricultural College, 


Dahlonega, 


Male and Female. 


South Georgia College, 


Thomasville, 


Male and Female. 


Middle Georgia College, 


Milledgeville, 


Male and Female. 


Womans' Normal and Industrial College, Milledgeville, 


Female. 


South West Georgia College, 


Cuthbert, 


Male. 


2. The other most prominent 


colleges are:- 


- 


Mercer University, 


Macon, 


Male. 


Emory College, 


Oxford, 


Male. 


Gainesville College, 


Gainesville, 


Male and Female. 


Georgia Female Seminary, 


Gainesville. 




Martin Institute, 


Jefferson, 


Male and Female. 


Chappell College, 


Columbus, 


Male and Female. 


Andrew Female College, 


Cuthbert. 




Le Vert College, 


Talbotton, 


Male and Female. 


Young Female College, 


Thomasville. 




Wesleyan Female College, 


Macon. 




Lucy Cobb Institute, 


Athens, 


Female. 


Home School, 


Athens, 


Female. 


Agnes Scott Institute, 


Decatur, 


Female. 


Shorter College, 


Rome, 


Female. 


Dalton Female College, 


Dalton. 




La Grange Female College, 


La Grange. 




Baptist Female College, 


La Grange. 




Young L. G. Harris Institute, 


Towns Co., 


Male and Female. 



158 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 

The principal colleges for colored students are: — 

Clark University, Atlanta. 

Morris Brown College, Atlanta. 

Spelman Seminary, Atlanta. 

Knox High School, Athens. 

State Industrial College, Savannah. 

Beach Institute, . Savannah. 

Payne Institute, Augusta. 

3. These institutions for the colored race are all well 
equipped, well officered and most of them well endowed. 
They are doing good work and their graduates compare 
favorably with those of other institutions. 

4. The percentage of illiteracy of both races is rapidly 
decreasing in the state. Among the whites in towns and 
cities it is now only 3.4. In the country it is 13. i. Among 
the negroes in towns and cities it is 9.3. In the country 21. 
Total in the state for whites 11.3 against 24 in i860. Total 
for negroes 27.2. 

5. Under the school law, all children between the ages of 
six and eighteen are entitled to receive a grammar school 
education, or to such extent as the school fund will provide for. 

6. The last count of those entitled to the benefit of the 
school fund showed 604,971 children. In 1891 the enrollment 
was 360,268, and the average attendance was: whites 124,436; 
colored 80,790. There are 4605 schools for whites and 2680 
for the negroes. 

7. To pay the teachers of these schools for their services 
the sum of $1,058,532 has been provided for the present year. 
This will be supplemented by the poll tax and by local taxation. 
As an evidence of the desire of the people of the state to 
advance the cause of education, it is only necessary to state 
that within ten years appropriations have been more than 
quadrupled, the entire amount in 1882 being only $272,754. 

8. The school fund is approximated upon the basis of school 
population, but is paid out on the basis of average attendance. 



APPENDIX. 159 

There is no division of tlie fund between the races ; the negroes 
receiving their full share in proportion to their numbers, not- 
withstanding the mere trifle their taxable property brings to 
the fund. 

9. The Deaf and Dumb Asylum is located at Cave Spring, 
Floyd County. It was established in 1845, and placed in 
charge of Colonel Oliver P. Fannin, who may be regarded as 
its founder. In 1859, he resigned, and in a few years was 
succeeded by Wesley O. Connor, the present principal. It is 
sufficient to say of him that he has always received the cordial 
support of the trustees and of all Legislative Committees, and 
his pupils are all his friends. The number of pupils now in 
the Asylum is: white 76, colored 31, total 107. 

10. As an instructive and significant statement the following 
table, taken from the Principal's report, is shown. Taking 
258 deaf mutes as a basis, in twenty of the families from 
which these mutes came, the parents were first cousins, produc- 
ing thirty-three deaf mutes. In eleven families, the parents 
were second cousins, producing eighteen deaf mutes. In four 
families, the parents were third cousins, producing seven deaf 
mutes; twenty-one per cent, of the parents of these 258 
afflicted ones being related by blood ties. Sixteen marriages 
of deaf mutes produced fifty-nine children, nineteen of whom 
were deaf mutes. 

11. The Blind Asylum is located at Macon, and has been 
ever since the war in charge of W. D. Williams, A.M., as 
Principal. He is a most worthy and efficient officer, devoted 
to his pupils and his pupils devoted to him. There are now 
102 pupils in attendance, of whom twenty are colored. It is 
estimated that the marriage of blood relations produce about 
the same per cent, of blind as of deaf and dumb children. 



l60 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



The State Lunatic Asylum 



is located at Milledgeville, under the management of Dr. T. 
O. Powell, who for many years has filled the office to the com- 
plete satisfaction of several administrations and of the general 
public. 

2. This institution is the largest charity that the state main- 
tains, and its successful management compares favorably with 
any in the older and wealthier states. As an evidence of the 
economy practiced in its management, the cost per capita per 
diem for each inmate has been reduced in twenty years from 
52)4 cents to 32^. About $190,000 per annum is required 
to support the Asylum. There are 200 men and women whose 
sole duty is to constantly attend and wait upon the inmates, 
who are all helpless as infants, hard to control and very 
destructive. 

3. On October i, 1892, there were 1061 white and 509 
colored inmates, a total of 1570 persons to be nursed, fed and 
watched. 

4. About four per cent, of the whites and twenty per cent, 
of the negroes become insane from religious excitement. 
Fifteen per cent, of whites become insane from hereditary 
causes, while only five per cent, of the negroes are insane from 
the same cause. A majority of the inmates are between the 
ages of twenty and forty-five. 

5. It is encouraging to note that the percentage of restored 
and improved patients grows larger each year ; but at the same 
time it is sad to note that the number of applicants increases 
proportionately faster than the population. There is but little 
difference between the number of males and females in the 
Asylum. 



APPENDIX. l6l 



Manufactories. 



1. The census of 1880 shows that there were 3593 manu- 
factories of all kinds in the State of Georma. 

o 

2. In 1890, there were fifty-three cotton factories, using 
annually 138,000 bales of cotton of 500 pounds each. This 
is an increase, in consumption, of more than 100 per cent, 
since 1880, only 67,500 bales being consumed at that time. 
The value of the cotton goods made in the state in 1890 was 
over twelve millions of dollars, making an increase of more 
than four millions of dollars in the value of the raw material. 
These factories employ 10,530 people. There are eighteen 
wool factories, using 208,000 pounds of wool annually, making 
a product valued at $340,000. 

3. The full report for the census of 1890 has not been 
published, but the returns at hand show that the ten cities 
named below have manufactories of all kinds, as follows : 





Number of 


Value of 


Cities 


Establishments. 


Products. 


Atlanta, 


404 


^i3'058'737 


Augusta, 


440 


9,244,850 


Savannah, 


^43 


6,222,402 


Macon, 


203 


5'i7i^53o 


Albany, 


4S 


512,027 


Athens, 


57 


834^19 


Columbus, 


60 


4^954779 


Dalton, 


31 


989,803 


Griffin, 


25 


473.775 


Rome, 


23 


756.423 



Total, 1534 $42,218,645 

These establishments employ 27,955 hands, of whom 221 
are children under fifteen years of age. 



1 62 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



Agricultural Statistics. 



1. In 1879, Georgia produced 814,000 bales of cotton on 
2,617,000 acres of land, averaging three and two tenths acres 
per bale. In 1889, the state produced 1,191,919 bales on 
3,345,526 acres of land, averaging two and eight-tenths acres 
per bale. This shows marked improvement in methods of 
cultivation. 

2. In 1889, Georgia produced 29,261,422 bushels of corn, 
being an average of eleven and one-third bushels per acre ; 
of wheat, 1,096,312 bushels, an average of five and six-tenths 
bushels per acre ; of oats, 4,767,456 bushels, an average of 
nine and one-quarter bushels per acre. 

3. It will be seen from these statistics that cotton is the 
great staple crop of the state, but the farmers raise sufficient 
quantities of other cereals, rice, potatoes and all vegetable 
products, not only to satisfy their own wants, but for sale 
and export. 

4. As an evidence of the good condition of the farmers of 
Georgia, the census of 1890 shows that forty-two per cent, of 
them own the farms they cultivate ; fifty-eight per cent, rent or 
hire their farms — this class being principally negroes. 

5. Of the farmers who own their farms, ninety-six and one- 
half per cent, own them free from incumbrance. No other 
state in the Union can show as favorable a condition of its 
farmers. 

6. The wealth of the state, that is, the value of the property 
in the state, has increased about 100 per cent, from 1879 
to 1892. 

7. In 1879, the value of all property in the state, as returned 
by the owners thereof, was $234,959,548. 

8. In 1892, the value is $463,753,534. These figures include 
railroad property, which has increased from $9,866,129 in 
1879, to $42,604,025 in 1892. Besides, there is railroad 
property exempt by law from ad valore?n taxation, valued at 



APPENDIX. 163 

$20,000,000. So that the total value of property in the state, 
in 1893, is not far from $500,000,000. 

9. The chief items of property that show marked increases 
since 1879, are as follows : 





1879. 


1892. 


City and Town Property, 


$49,007,286 


$121,683,110 


Lands, 


90,493,822 


137,194,720 


Farm Implements, 


2,971,372 


6,125,555 


Household Furniture, 


9,156,404 


16,257,394 


Cotton Mills, 


1,640,000 


11,025,778 


Railroads, 


9,866,129 


42,604,025 



10. This table shows a gratifying increase in items that 
indicate improved methods of farming, with largely more 
domestic comforts and luxuries. Of these taxable values, it is 
to be remarked that in 1879 the negroes returned $5,182,398. 
In 1892, this had increased to $14,869,575, or less than three 
and one-quarter per cent, of the whole taxable property of the 
state. Nevertheless, they have received and are now receiving 
about forty per cent, of the entire school fund; they consti- 
tuting about forty-seven per cent, of the population of the 
state. 

Population. 

1. In 1880, the total white and colored population of the 
state was 1,542,180. In 1890, the census shows a total of 
1,837,353, being an increase in ten years of some nineteen 
per cent. 

2. The following table shows the population, both white and 
colored, by counties, according to the census of 1890. Also, 
the county seats, for whom the counties were named, and when 
laid out. 



164 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



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66 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



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APPENDIX. 



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1 68 



THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



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APPENDIX. 



169 



State Officials. 
The following is a list of the present state officials: 



Wm. J. Northen, 
Philip Cook, 
Wm. A. Wright, 
Robt. U. Hardeman, 
R. T. Nesbitt, 
S. D. Bradvvell, 
L. N. Trammel], 
Virgil Powers, 
Allen Fort, 
Logan E. Bleckley, 
Thos. J. Simmons, 
Sam'l Lumpkin, 
Henry C. Peeples, 
Geo. C. Peeples, 
Joseph M. Terrell, 
W. S. Veates, 
Geo. F. Payne, 
Jno. Mcintosh Kell, 
Jno. Milledge, 
James M. Warner, 
W. H. Harrison, 
Stanhope Sams, 
Robt. J. Guinn, 
Henry W. Thomas, 

A. C. Briscoe, 
Geo. H. Jones, 
R. F. Wright, 

Dr. Wm. O'Daniel, 
W. H. Joyner, 

B. F. Carter, 

Z. D. Harrison, 
John M. Graham, 

C. L. Glessner, 
A. H. Cutts, 
Chas. T. Furlow, 
Robt. C. Irwin, 
A. E. Cox, 
Wm. J. Speer, 



Governor. 

Secretary of State. 

Comptroller General. 

Treasurer. 

Commissioner of Agriculture. 

State School Commissioner. 

Railroad Commissioners. 



Justices Supreme Court. 

Supreme Court Reporters. 

A ttorney-General. 

State Geologist. 

State Chemist. 

Adjutant-General and Keeper Public Buildings. 

State Librarian. 

Secretaries Executive Department. 

Clerk Executive Department. 
Clerk State School Commission. 
Clerk Secretary of State. 
Clerk Railroad Commission. 
Keeper Penitentiary. 
Assistant Keeper Penitentiary. 
Physician Penitentiary. 

Secretary and Clerk, Agricultural Department. 

Clerk Supreme Court. 



1 



Stenographers Supreme Court. 



Clerks Comptroller-General's Department. 



Clerk Treasury Department. 



I/O THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



Constitution. 



1. The Constitution of the state provides for a General 
Assembly to make the laws, a governor to execute them, and 
for courts to interpret and enforce them. The governor of 
the state is the chief executive officer and is by virtue of his 
office the commander-in-chief of the army and navy. 

2. He is elected biennially by the people and holds his 
office for two years. He may succeed himself, if chosen, for a 
second term, but is not elegible for a third term. 

3. His salary is $3000 per annum and an executive mansion 
is furnished h]m. 

4. The Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

5. There are forty-four Senators who represent forty-four 
senatorial districts, of three counties each, excepting five 
districts which have four counties each. 

6. There are 175 members of the House. Six of the most 
populous counties, viz: Chatham, Richmond, Burke, Floyd, 
Bibb and Fulton have each three representatives. 

7. Twenty-six counties, the next largest in population, have 
two each, viz: Bartow, Coweta, Decatur, Houston, Green, 
Gwinnett, Harris, Jefferson, Meriweather, Monroe, Muscogee, 
Newton, Stewart, Sumpter, Thomas, Troup, Washington, 
Hancock, Carroll, Cobb, Jackson, Dougherty, Oglethorpe, 
Macon, Talbot and Wilkes. 

8. The remaining 105 counties have but one each. 

9. The legal rate of interest is seven per cent, but eight per 
cent, is lawful when contracted to be paid. Usury can be 
pleaded to the excess only. 

10. The wife's property held before marriage, and that she 
afterwards acquires in her separate estate, cannot be adversely 
controlled by her husband, nor be subject to his debts. 

11. Every head of a family is entitled to a homestead 
exemption of $1600 in value; and this, when legally set apart, 



APPENDIX. 



171 



shall be exempt from levy and sale for debt except for the 
unpaid purchase money or for taxes. 

12. Members of the Assembly hold their office for two years 
and their sessions are limited to forty days in each year. 



Judiciary System. 

1. The Supreme Court of Georgia was organized in the year 
1846. 

2. The following table shows the members of the court in 
their succession, the first named being the chief justice : — 

1846. Joseph H. Lumpkin, Hiram Warner, E. A. Nisbet. 

1853. Lumpkin, Nisbet, Ebenezer Starnes. 

1854. Lumpkin, Starnes, H. L. Benning. 

1855. Lumpkin, IJenning, C. J. McDonald. 
1858. Lumpkin, Benning, Linton Stephens. 
i860. Lumpkin, Stephens, R. H. Lyon. 
i860. Lumpkin, Lyon, C J. Jenkins. 

1864. Lumpkin, D. A. Walker, J. L. Harris. 

1867. Warner, Walker, Harris. 

1869. J. E. Brown, Kent McKay, Warner. 

1870. O. A. Lochrane, McKay, W^arner. 

1872. Warner, McKay, W. W. Montgomery. 

1873. Warner, McKay, Robt. P. Trippe. 
1875. Warner, L. E. Bleckley, James Jackson. 

1879. Jackson, Willis Hawkins, M. J. Crawford. 

1880. Jackson, Crawford, A. M. Speer. 

1882. Jackson, Crawford, Sam Hall. 

1883. Jackson, Hall, Mark Blandford. 

1887. Bleckley, Hall, Blandford. 

1888. Bleckley, Blandford, T. J. Simmons. 
1890. Bleckley, Simmons, Samuel Lumpkin. 

3. The annual salaries of the justices are $3000 each. The 
reporters of the court were : — 



1846. 


J. M. Kelly. 


1867. 


N. J. Hammond. 


1849. 


T. R. R. Cobb. 


1872. 


Henry Jackson. 


1858. 


B. Y. Martin. 


1878. 


Jackson and Lumpkin 


i860. 


Geo. N. Lester. 


1882. 


Lumkkin. 


1864. 


L. E. Bleckley. 


1888. 


H. C. Peeples. 



1/2 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



Circuit Courts. 



I. There are twenty-three Superior Court circuits whose 
judges sit twice a year in each county of their circuit. They 
have common law, equity and criminal jurisdiction. These 
officers are now elected by the General Assembly and hold 
their offices for the term of four years and receive a salary 
of $2000 each. The names of the circuits are as follows: — 
Albany, Atlanta, Augusta, Blue Ridge, Brunswick, Chatta- 
hoochee, Cherokee, Coweta, Eastern, Flint, Macon, Middle, 
Northeastern, Northern, Ocmulgee, Oconee, Pataula, Rome, 
Southern, Southwestern, Stone Mountain, Tallapoosa, Western. 

Courts of Ordinary. 

I. There is a Court of Ordinary in each county. Its juris- 
diction is mainly concerning the estates of deceased persons, 
and the care of orphan children. 

Justices Courts. 

1. Each county is divided into what are called militia 
districts. Every district is entitled to one Justice of the 
Peace, who is elected by the voters of his district and holds 
his office for four years. His jurisdiction is limited to civil 
suits on notes and accounts and damages to property, not 
exceeding $100, and in criminal accusations he can hear the 
evidence and bind over or discharge the defendant, but cannot 
determine his guilt or innocence, as on final trial in the 
Superior Court. 

2. Each militia district has also a Notary Public, appointed 
by the Judge of the Circuit Court. This officer has all the 
powers and jurisdiction of the elected Magistrate and can sit 
with him on the trials of all cases that are brought before 
them. Their fees are their only compensation. 



APPENDIX. 173 



Congressional Districts. 

I. By the census of 1890 the state gained one additional 
member of Congress. The state was re-districted to make 
apportionment for the additional representative and is now as 
follows: — 

I St. Chatham, Burke, Scriven, Emanuel, Bullock, Effingham, 
Bryan, Tatnall, Liberty, Mcintosh. 

2d. Quitman, Clay, Randolph, Terrell, Calhoun, Dougherty, 
Worth, Early, Baker, Millen, Mitchell, Colquitt, Berrien, 
Decatur, Thomas. 

3d. Stewart, Webster, Sumter, Lee, Dooly, Wilcox, 
Schley, Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Macon, Taylor, Crawford. 

4th. Muscogee, Marion, Talbott, Harris, Merriweather, 
Troup, Coweta, Hurd, Carroll, Chattahoochee. 

5th. Fulton, Douglas, Campbell, Clayton, DeKalb, Rock- 
dale, Newton, Walton. 

6th. Bibb, Baldwin, Jones, Monroe, Upson, Pike, Spalding, 
Fayette, Henry, Butts. 

7 th. Harralson, Paulding, Cobb, Polk, Floyd, Bartow, 
Chattooga, Gordon, Walker, Dade, Catoosa, Whitfield, Murray. 

8th. Jasper, Putnam, Morgan, Greene, Oconee, Clark, 
Oglethorpe, Madison, Elbert, Hart, Franklin, Wilkes. 

9th. Fannin, Union, Townes, Rabun, Habersham, White, 
Lumpkin, Dawson, Gilmer, Pickens, Cherokee, Forsyth, Milton, 
Gwinnett, Jackson, Hall, Banks. 

loth. Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, Jefferson, Glasscock, 
McDuffie, Warren, Talliaferro, Washington, Wilkinson, Han- 
cock. 

nth. Glynn, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Dodge, Tel- 
fair, Irwin, Coffee, Appling, Wayne, Pierce, Ware, Clinch, 
Echols, Lownes, Brooks, Charlton, Camden. 



1/4 '^^^ HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



Railroads. 

I. There are in Georgia 5057 miles of railroad. The 
following is a list of the roads with their respective mileage: — 

Miles. 

Alabama Great Southern 28.06 

Atlanta and Florida '05-05 

Augusta, Gibson and Sandersville 82.5 

Augusta and Chattanooga 14 

Abbeville and Waycross 12.55 

Boston and Albany 15 

Columl)us Southern 90 

Chickamauga and Durham 17 

Chattanooga Southern 46 

Dover and Statesboro 10 

Darien Short T.ine 20 

Central Railroad — Main Line 192 

" " Atlanta Division 127 

" " Mobile and Girard Division 1.42 

" " Port Royal and Augusta 17-93 

" " Arlington Extension 6;^ 

" " Savannah, Grififin and North Alabama Division 62.42 

" " Upson County Division 16.76 

" " Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta 1.51 

" " Dublin Branch 25 

" " Savannah and Atlantic 19.06 

" " Columbus and Rome 51-82 

" " Cuthbert and Eufaula 23.32 

" " Americus and Albany 40.70 

" " Buena Vista and Ellaville 64.71 

" " Eden and Americus 63 

" '* Perry Branch 12.78 

" " Port Royal and Augusta 5.30 

" " Eatonton Branch 2r 

" " Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus 139-5 

Columbus Southern 90 

PLast Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia 5°5-75 

" " " " Rome and Decatur 18.70 

East and West of Alabama 48 

Empire and Dublin 43 

Georgia Midland and Gulf 103 



APPENDIX. 175 

Georgia Southern and Florida 177 

" " " " Macon and Birmingham 98.27 

Georgia Railroad 211 

" " Macon and Augusta 77.4 

" " Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern 66.52 

" " Union Point and White Plains 12.1 

Indian Springs and Flovilla 2.25 

Lexington Terminal 4 

Louisville and Wadley 10 

Marietta and North Georgia in 

Midville, Swainsboro and Red Pluff 17-75 

Macon and Atlantic 11 

Macon, Dul^lin and Savannah 54 

Richmond and Danville — Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line 117.1 

" " Georgia Pacific 87.06 

" " Lawrenceville Branch 9.7 

" ' " Roswell Branch 9.3 

" " Elberton Air Line Division 53.4 

" " Northeastern Division 41.2 

" " Ilartwell Di\7ision 10.3 

Rome Railroad 20 

Savannah, Florida and Western 502.570 

" " " Brunswick and Western 190.331 

" " " Alabama Midland 34.4 

Savannah, Americas and Montgomery 202.2 

" " " Albany, Florida and Northern 35-52 

South Bound 22 

Sylvania 15 

South Carolina Railroad 1.5 

Smithonia and Dunlap 7.5 

South Brunswick Terminal 18 

Sandersville and Tennville 3.25 

Wrightsville and Tennville 39 

Wadley and Mount Vernon 30 

Western and Atlantic 138 

Talbotton 7 

Total number of miles 5057.000 



176 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 



Religious Denominations. 

1. It is claimed that no state in tlie Union has so large a 
proportion of its adult population enrolled in membership of 
Christian churches. 

2. According to the latest statistics, the numerical strength 
of the various sects stands as follows: — 

Baptists (white) I49j754 

" (colored) 196,811 

Methodists (Southern Church) 145,999 

22,314 

" (colored) I7444i 

Presbyterians 13,282 

" (Cumberland) 598 

Episcopalians S'S^S 

Roman Catholics 11,228 

Disciples of Christ 4^676 

Lutherans i>477 

Jews 4,100 



INDEX 



Abolitionists, the, 119. 

Absolute title to land, 20. 

Acadians, 24. 

Agnes, Ship, 31. 

Agnus, 31. 

Agricultural State Society, 107. 

Agricultural Statistics, 162. 

Akin, Warren, 76, 86. 

Allatoona, 87, 89. 

Alliance, Farmers', in. 

Amatis, 6. 

Amelia Island, 13, 14. 

American Party, 71. 

Amnesty Oath, 93. 

Anderson, Clifford, 86. 

Andrew, Fort, 13. 

Andrews, Garrett, 71. 

Anesthesia by Ether, 65. 

Anne, Ship, 6. 

Area of Georgia, 148. 

Argyle, Fort, 9. 

Aristocracy, 136, 142. 

Ash, General, 41. 

Assembly, Representative, 20. 

Assembly, the State, 170. 

Athens, 49. 

Atlanta, 88. 

Attakullakulla, 28. 

Augusta guarded, 12. 

Bailiffs, 15. 

Banks, 51, 62, 65, 75. 

Barnett, Samuel, 107. 



Bartow, General, 83. 

Beaufort, 7. 

Bell, H. P., 86. 

Berrien, John M., 60, 62. 

Blandford, M. H., 86. 

Bosomworth, Thomas, 12, 19, 20. 

Boston Massacre, 33. 

Boston Port Bill, 2^. 

Bowen, Captain, 37. 

Boyd, 41. 

Boynton, James S., 108. 

Bragg, General, 86. 

Breckenbridge, John C, 77. 

Brown, General John M., 88. 

Brown, John, 130, 133. 

Brown, Joseph E., 72, 75, 83, 86, 90, 

91, 108. 
Brownson, Dr. Nathan, 44. 
Bryan, Jonathan, 23. 
Buchanan, Hugh, 93. 
Bull, Colonel William, 8. 
Bullock, Archibald, 33, 37, 38, 39. 
Bullock, Rufus, loi, 108. 

Cabaniss, E. G., 93. 

Calhoun, John C, 67, 68. 

Capital, I or, 107. 

Capitol, 108. 

Cession to United States, 49. 

Chapel, first Methodist, 11. 

Charter, 5, 21, 22. 

Cheehaws, 13. 

Cherokees, 26-28, 59, 60, 93. 



78 



INDEX. 



Chesapeake, Man-of-war, 51. 

Chickamauga, 85. 

Christy, J. H., 93. 

Clarke, John, 43, 55. 

Clay, Henry, 58, 65, 68. 

Clmch, Duncan, 67. 

Cobb, Governor Howell, 65-91. 

Cohen, Solomon, 93. 

Colleges, 45, 49, 58, 60, 61, 96, 105, 

157- 

Colonization Society, 122. 

Colquitt, Governor Alfred, 86, 107, 
108. 

Colquitt, Walter, 70. 

Commissioners, Lords, 22. 

Common People, 136-142. 

Condition of State, 114, 147. 

Confederate Arsenal, 85. 

Confederate Congress, 84. 

Confederate States, 80. 

Confiscation Act, 97. 

Congregational Church, first, 21. 

Congress, General, 34. 

Congressional Districts, 46, 173. 

Conley, Benjamin, 103. 

Conscript Act, 84. 

Constitution of Georgia, 38, 46, 98, 
170. 

Conventions, 78-80. 

Convicts, 106, 155-157- 

Cook, Lieutenant, 17. 

Cook, Philip, 93. 

Cooper, Mark A., 65. 

Cornwallis, Fort, 43. 

Cottyman, Captain, 26. 

Council of Safety, 35, 36, t^j. 

Counties, 33, 38, 45, 46, 50, 53, 54, 
56, 83, 164-168, 170. 

Courts, of Chancery, 23; Record, 23; 
Superior, 39 ; Supreme, 65 ; Cir- 
cuit, 172 ; Justices', 172 ; Ordi- 
nary, 172. 



Coweta, 8. 

Crawford, Governor George, 63. 
Crawford, William H., 50. 
Creeks, 8, 13, 52. 
Crisp, Charles F., iii. 
Cruger, Major, 43. 
Cumberland Island, 12. 
Cuthbert, Alfred, 62. 

Dale, Major, 59. 

Darien, 10, 15. 

Davis, Jefferson, 80, 91. 

Dawson, William, 67. 

De Monteano, Don Manuel, 16. 

Dempsey, Charles, 13. 

D'Estaing, Count, 41-43. 

Division of land, systems of, 50. 

Dooley, John, 41. 

Dorchester, 21. 

Douglas, David, 23. 

Douglass, Stephen A., 77. 

Ebenezer founded, 9, 11. 

Echols, J. H., 86. 

Elbert, County, 33. 

Elbert, Governor Samuel, 46. 

Elliott, John, 21. 

Ellis, Henry, 24-28. 

Emancipation of Slaves, 85. 

Emigrants chosen, 6. 

Emory College, 60. 

Estatoe, 27. 

Etchoe, 27. 

Evans, Professor L. B., 145. 

Fielder, Herbert, 104. 
Fifthteenth Amendment, 102. 
Floyd, General, 52, 53. 
Forrest, General, 85. 
Forsyth, Governor, 56. 
Fourteenth Amendment, 94, 10 1. 
Franklin, Benjamin, 31. 



INDEX. 



179 



Franklin College, 49. 
Frederica, 12, 16. 

Gaines, General, 53. 

Gardener, James, 72. 

Gardener, Lieutenant, 67. 

Gazette, Georgia, 33. 

George, Fort Prince, 26-28. 

George II, 4-29. 

George III, 4, 29-38. 

Georgia Academy, 70. 

Georgia Penetentiary, 155. 

Georgia Platform, 69. 

Georgia seceded, 78. 

Georgia readmitted, 102. 

Gilmer, Governor, 56, 57, 60. 

Gilpin, Fort, 43. 

Glenn, John, 34. 

Gold Mining, 57. 

Gordon, John 13., 86, lor, 106, 108, 

III. 
Goulding, Rev. F. R., 145. 
Government, Confederate, 80. 
Governor, Office of, 170. 
Grady, Henry W., 146. 
Graham, Patrick, 22, 23. 
Grant, Colonel, 28. 
Greene, General, 43. 
Grierson, Fort, 43. 
Gwinnett, Button, 38, 39. 

Habersham, James, 18-37. 

Habersham, Joseph, 35, 36. 

Habersham, Samuel, 37. 

Hall, Lyman, 34, 36, 2,7, 38, 45. 

Hamilton, Major F., 27. 

Hamstead, 9. 

Handly, George, 45. 

Harbors, 151. 

Hardee, Captain, 67, 86, 90. 

Hardwick, 24. 

Harris, Francis, 20. 



Harris, Joel C, 146. 

Hartridge, Julian, 86. 

Hawkins, Benjamin, 49. 

Haygood, Rev. Atticus, 147. 

Hermsdorf, Captain, 13. 

High-gate, 9. 

Hill, Benjamin H., 75, 78, 84, 91, 97. 

Homestead exemption, 170. 

Hood, General, 88. 

Plorton, Major, 18. 

Houston, John, 2,Z^ 34, 38, 39, 45. 

Howard, John, 3. 

Howard, Samuel, 53. 

Howe, Major-General, 39. 

Hubert, Dr. Henry, 6. 

Hughes, General, 42. 

Indians, troubles with, 46, 51, 52, 53, 

55' 56, 57> 59> 60. 
Interest, 170. 
Irwin, Jared, 47, 50. 
Islands of Georgia, 151. 
Iverson, General Alfred, 88. 

Jackson, Henry R., 66. 

Jackson, James, 44, 48, 50, 108. 

James, Ship, 9. 

Jasper, Sergeant, 42. 

Jekyl Island, 9, 12, 151. 

Jenkins, Charles J., 67, 93, 94, 105. 

Johnson, Herschel V., 70, 71, jj, 93. 

Johnson, James, 93. 

Johnston, General, 87, 88. 

Jones, Charles C, 142. 

Jones, Noble W., 21, 23, 32-34. 

Josephtown, 9. 

Judiciary System, 171. 

Justice, Chief, 23. 

Kennesaw Mountain, Battle of, '&j. 
Keowee, 26. 
Knox, William, 31. 



i8o 



INDEX. 



Lamar, Henry, 72. 

Land Act, 45. 

Land Court, 45. 

Lane, Joseph, T]. 

Lanier, Sidney, 145. 

Laurens, Colonel, 42. 

Lawton, Colonel, 79, 86. 

Lee, Colonel Henry, 43. 

Lee, General, 85, 91. 

Legislature, 90. 

Lester, G. M., 86. 

Lewis, Dr. J. W., 84. 

Liberty Boys, 34, 35. 

Liberty County, 34. 

Liberty Pole, 35. 

Lincoln, General, 40, 41, 77, 80. 

Literature, 142. 

Little, George, 96, 106. 

Little, William, 23. 

Long, Dr. Crawford, 65. 

Longstreet, Judge, 146. 

Lords of Trade and Plantation, 24. 

Loudon, Fort, 26, 27. 

Loyall, Captain, 66. 

Lumpkin, J. H., 65, 72, 119. 

Lumpkin, Wilson, 58-60. 

Lunatic Asylum, 65, 160. 

Lutherans, 11. 

Mackay, Colonel, 13, 16. 
McAllister, Fort, 85. 
McCay, Judge, 106. 
McDaniel, H. D., 108, iii. 
McDonald, Charles J., 61, 65, 69. 
Mcintosh, Colonel James, 67. 
Mcintosh, Lachlan, 37. 
Maitland, Captain, 37. 
Manufactories, 161. 
Martin, John, 44. 
Massacre at Fort Mims, 52. 
Matthews, George, 46. 
Matthews, James D., 93. 



Meade, General, 98, 105. 
Meigs, Josiah, 49. 
Mercer University, 61. 
Messias, Captain, 53. 
Methodists, The, 11. 
Middle Georgia, 1 48-1 51. 
Midway Neck, 21. 
Military rule, 92. 
Militia, 20, 21, 172. 
Milledge, Governor John, 49. 
Milledgeville, 50, 90, 107. 
Miller, Dr. H. V. M., 72. 
Minerals, 150. 
Missionaries, 57. 
Mitchell, David B., 51, 53. 
Money, change of, 46. 
Montgomery, Captain, 27. 
Moravians, 10, 11. 
Mountains of Georgia, 151. 
Musgrove, Mary, 8, 19, 20. 

Negro as a Slave, 125. 
New Inverness, 10. 
Nisbet, Eugenius A., 66, 83. 
North Georgia, 1 48-1 51. 
Northen, W. J., in. 
Norwood, Thomas, 108. 

O'Bryan, 12. 
Officials, State, 169. 
Oglethorpe, Sir James, 1-17. 
Oglethorpe's Charter, 5 ; original 

grant, 4. 
Omnibus Bill, 68. 
Ossabaw, 19, 151. 

Papists, French, 24. 
Parishes, 25. 
Parker, Henry, 20. 
Penal Code, 53. 
Pickens, General, 43, 44. 
Pine Belt, 149. 



INDEX. 



Political Parties, 59, 62, 69, 71, ^T, 

III, 119, 130. 
Pompon, 8. 
Pope, General, 97, 98. 
Population, 163-168. 
Products, 150. 
Provincial Congress, 34, 37. 
Pulaski, Count, 42. 
Pulaski, Fort, 79. 
Purisburg, Ship, 9. 
Puritans, 21. 

Quaker Springs, 21. 

Rabun, William, 53. 
Railroad Commission, 107. 
Railroads, 60, di, 76, 105, 174. 
Randolph, Peyton, 36. 
Reconstruction, 92, loi. 
Religious Denominations, 176. 
Representatives, 170. 
Rescinding Act, 47. 
Reynolds, Governor, 22-25. 
Ridge, John, 59. 
River Navigation, 53. 
Rivers of the State, 150. 
Rome, 85. 
Ross, John, 59. 
Royalists, 36. 
Ruger, General T., loi. 

Salaries of Justices; Governor, 

170. 
Salzburgers, the, 9, 10. 
Sapelo, 19, 151. 
Savannah, 8, 40, 44, 90. 
Savannah, Ship, 54. 
Scarborough, Ship, 38. 
Schermerhorn, 59. 
Schley, William, 59. 
Schools, 158, 159. 
Scotch Highlanders, 10. 



Scott, Captain Alexander, 66. 

Scott, General Winfield, 59. 

Seal of State, 48, loi. 

Senate, 46. 

Senators, 170. 

Seminoles, 53. 

Settlements, early, 7. 

Seymour, Isaac, 66. 

Sherman, General W. T., 87, 90. 

Shewmake, I. T., 86. 

Silk Culture, 6. 

Skidway Islands, 9. 

Slave Labor, 6, 94. 

Slave Trade, 50, 117. 

Smith, Hoke, 114. 

Smith, James M., 86, 104-107. 

Smith, W. E., 86. 

Soils of the State, 149. 

Southern Georgia, 1 48-1 51. 

Spanish Invasion, 15. 

Speedwell, Ship, 31. 

St. Catherine, 19, 151. 

St. George, Fort, 13. 

St. Johns Parish, 34. 

St. Simons, 9, 151. 

Stamp Act, 30, 31. 

State Guards, 85. 

State Officials, 169. 

State Road, 60. 

Stephens, Alexander, 65, 68, 80, 91, 

94, 108, 145. 
Stephens, John, 21. 
Stephens, Thomas, 18. 
Stephens, William, 15, 18. 
Stiles, \Yilliam H., 72. 
Stuart, Captain, 27, 28. 
Sunbury, Settlement of, 21. 

Talbot Island, 13. 
Talbot, Matthew, 55. 
Tappan, Arthur, 119. 
Tariff, the, 58. 



I«2 



INDEX. 



Tassel, George, 57. 

Tatnall, Josiah, 49. 

Tavern, Tondee's, ^3 

Tax for Church Support, 26. 

Taylor, Major, 43. 

Telfair, Edward, 46, 50. 

Terry, General Alfred, 102. 

Third Party, The, iii. 

Thirteenth Amendment, 94. 

Thomas, Captain, 6. 

Thompson, Wiley, 59. 

Thunderbolt, 9. 

Tomochichi, 8, 10, 14. 

Toombs, Robert, 65, 68, 76, 84, 91. 

Topography of State, 148. 

Towns, George W., 67. 

Treutlen, John A., 39. 

Trippe, Judge, 96. 

Troup, George M., 55, 56. 

Trustees, 6, 13, 18. 

Tybee Island, 9, 151. 

Union Flag, 35. 
Universities, 157. 
Usury, 130. 

Veto Power, 46. 

Walker, General, 67. 
Wallace, Campbell, 107. 
Walton, George, ^7^ 38? 46- 
Walton, John, ^2, 38. 
Wanderer, Yacht, 119. 
Warner, Hiram, 66, 72. 



Wars : — 

Between the States, 78-91. 
Cherokees, 26-28. 
Creek (1836), 60. 
Mexican, 62, 67. 
Revolutionary, 32-44. 
Seminole, 59. 
Spanish, 15. 
War of 181 2, 52. 

Washington, General, ;^y, 44, 46, 49. 

Waters, Major, 122. 

Wayne, General, 44, 57. 

Wereat, John, 41. 

Wesley, Charles, 11. 

Wesley, John, 11. 

Wesleyan College, 61. 

Western and Atlantic R. R., 95. 

Whig Party, 71. 

Whitefield, 11, 12, 13. 

Whitney, Eli, 46. 

Wilde, R. H., 145. 

Wilkinson, Fort, 49. 

Williams, Colonel, 43. 

Wofford, W. T., 93, 104. . 

Woods, 149. 

Wright, James, 29, 40. • 

Wyley, Alexander, 32. 

Yamacraw Bluff, 8. 
Yamacraw Indians, 8. 
Yazoo Fraud, 45. 
Yoakley, Captain, 9. 

Zouberbuhler, Bartholomew, 25, 26. 



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16 



HIGHER ENGLISH, 



Hudson's Expurgated Shakespeare. 



For Schools, Clubs, and Families. Revised and enlarged Editions ol 
twenty-three Plays. Carefully expurgated, with Explanatory Notes at 
the bottom of the page, and Critical Notes at the end of each volume. 
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Intro- 
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S 



OME of the special features of this edition are the convenienl 
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come to be associated with Dr. Hudson's name ; and, finally, tho 
reasonableness of the price. 



Oliver "Wendell Holmes: An edi- 
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venient in form and edited by Hud- 
Son, — two good things which I can 
nee at a glance. 

Hiram Corson, Prof, of Ehet. and 
Eng. Lit., Cornell University : I cou- 
Bider them altogether excellent. The 
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Hudson's appreciation of Shake- 
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very mind and heart of " the thou 

sand-souled Shakespeare." 

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Mr. Hudson met fully the capacities 
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and colleges. 



HIGHER ENGLISH. 17 

The list is as follows : — 

*A Midsummer-Night's Dream 3 *Henry the Eighth .3 

*The Merchant of Venice.^ *Romeo and Juliet.3 

*Much Ado About Nothing.^ *Julius Caesar, i 

*As You Like It.i Twelfth Night. i *Hamlet.i 

*The Tempest.- The Winter's Tale.2 *King Lear.2 

King John. Richard Second. *Macbeth.2 

Eichard Third." Antony and Cleopatra.2 

*Henry Fourth, Part First.i *0thello.3 
Henry Fourth, Part Second. i Cymbeline.3 

Henry the Fifth.- *Coriolanus.3 

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tories, and Tragedies ; and the plays of each series presented, as 
nearly as may be, in the chronological order of the writing. 

An obvious merit of this edition is that each volume has two 
sets of notes ; one mainly devoted to explaining the text, and 
placed at the foot of the page ; the other mostly occupied with 
matters of textual comment and criticism, and printed at the end 
of each play. The edition is thus admirably suited to the uses 



18 



HIGHER ENGLISH. 



both of the general reader and of the special student. General 
readers prefer to have explanations directly before them; and m 
at least nine cases out of ten they will pass over an obscure word 
or phrase or allusion without understanding it, rather than look 
up the explanation in another volume or another part of the same 
volume. Often, too, in case the explanation be not directly at 
hand, they will go elsewhere in quest of it, and then find, aftei 
all, that the editor has left the matter unexplained ; whereas, with 
foot-notes, they will see at once how the matter stands, and will 
be spared the labor and vexation of a fruitless search. 

Mr. Hudson's notes are always fresh and original, aiming to 
give the pupil such help as he needs for a thorough understanding 
of the poet's meaning rather than for the technical teaching of 
philology. It was always Mr. Hudson's wish to bring his students 
into close commmiion with the author. If he could accomplish 
that, his great object was secured, and anything that would tend 
to distract the attention of the pupil to foreign matters he con- 
sidered a very great mistake. While studying Shakespeare, his 
desire was to understand him, and not to make him the subject 
for the teaching of the English language. 



OPINIONS OF NOTED SHAKESPEARIANS. 



Horace Howard Furness : A noble 
edition, witli happy mingle of illus- 
tration, explanation, and keen, svib- 
tle, sympathetic criticism. 

E. P. Whipple: Hudson's is the 
most thoughtful and intelligent in- 
terpretative criticism which has, 
luring the present century, been 
written, either in English or German. 

Professor Dowden : Hudson's edi- 



tion takes its place beside the best 
work of English Shakespeare stu- 
dents. 

Dr. A. P. Peabody: I regard the 
edition as unequalled in Shakespear- 
ian scholarship, and in its worth in 
the library and for current use. 

Prof. C. T. Winchester : It seems 
to me, without question, the best 
edition now printed. 



Life, Art, and Characters of Shakespeare. 



By Henry N. Hudson, LL.D., Editor of The Harvard Shakespeare, etc. 
In 2 vols. V2mo. 1003 pages. Uniform in size and binding with The 
Ilaj^vard Shakespeare. Retail prices: Cloth, $14.00; half-calf, $8.00. 
Besides the topics mentioned in the title, this work treats of the origin 
and growth of the English drama and of Shakespeare's contemporaries. 



20 HIGHER ENGLISH. 

English Literature Pamphlets. 

A LL of these are printed in good type, on good paper, and have 

been judiciously annotated for the use of students. All are of 

12mo size. The first of the prices given below is the mailing pricej 

and the second the introductory. The name of the editor is in 

brackets. 

Burke. [Hudson.] 

I. Five Speeches and ten Papers. 20 cents ; 1-5 cents. 
II. Life. A Letter to a Noble Lord, and eleven Extracts. 20 cents , 
15 cents. 

Webster, [Hudson.] 

I. Reply to Hayne, and six Extracts. 20 cents ; 15 cents. 

II. Life, and extracts from twenty -five Speeches. 20 cents ; 15 cents. 
Webster. [Montgomery.] First Bunker Hill Address, with Life. 12 

cents ; 10 cents. 

Bacon. [Hudson.] Life, and Extracts from thirty Essays. 20 cents; 

15 cents. 
Wordsworth. [Hudson.] 

I. Life. The Prelude, and thirty -three Poems. 20 cents ; 15 cents. 

II. Sixty Poems and Sonnets. 20 cents; 15 cents. 

Coleridge and Burns. [Hudson.] Lives, and forty-five Poems. 20 
cents ; 15 cents. 

Coleridge. [Hudson.] The Ancient Mariner. 6 cents ; 5 cents. 

Addison and Goldsmith. [Hudson.] Lives, fifteen Papers from Addi- 
son, eleven Prose Selections from Goldsmith, with The Deserted 
Village. 20 cents ; 15 cents. 

Macaulay. [Montgomery.] Essay on Clive, with Life. 20 cents; 15 cents. 

Macaulay. [Montgomery.] Second Essay on the Earl of Chatham, 
with Life. 20 cents ; 15 cents. 

Craik's English of Shakespeare. 

Illustrated in a Philological Commentary on Julius Caesar. By George 
L. Craik, Queen's College, Belfast. Edited, from the third revised 
London edition, by W. J. Rolfe, Cambridge, Mass. 12mo. Cloth. 40C 
pages. Mailing Price, $1.00; Introduction, 00 cents. 

A N" exposition in regard both to the language or style of Shake- 

speare, and to the English language generally. 



Shakspere's Versification. 



Notes on Shakspere's Versification, with Appendix on the Verse Tests 
and a short Descriptive Bibliography. By (tEorge H. Brovtne. A.M. 
12mo. Paper. Si pages. Price, interleaved, 25 cents. 



LANGUAGE, COMPOSITION, RHETORIC, LITERATURE. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH 



ADAPTED TO 



The Study of American Classics. 

A Text-book for High Schools, Academies, and Young Ladies' Seminaries 

designed to he used in connection with "supplementary reading" 

from the works of seven American authors, — Irving, Bryant, 

Longfellow, Whittier, Hawthorne, Holmes, and Lowell. 



SARA E. HUSTED LOCKWOOD. 

TEACHER OP ENGLISH IN THE HIGH SCHOOL AT NEW HAVEN, CONN, 



Introduction price, $1.12; Allowance for exchange, 35 cents, 



THE AIM 

of the work is to present, in simple and attractive style, ihe 
essentials of good English ; and, at the same time, to de- 
velop a critical literary taste, by applying these technical 
rules and principles to the study of American Classics. 

THE PLAN 

provides for a course in English extending over the pupil's 
first year and a half in the High School, the work being pre= 
paratory to the study of English Literature as usually pur- 
sued in schools of this grade. These "Lessons" include 
the most important facts concerning the History and Ele= 
ments of the Language, Common Errors in the Use of 
English, the Study of Words, Rules for the Construction of 
Sentences, Figures of Speech, Punctuation, Letter- Writing. 
Composition, and Biographical Sketches of the seven authors 
named above. 



ETHICS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE, 

By C C EVERETT, D.D., 

Professor of Theology in Harvard University. 



i2mo. Cloth, iv + 185 pages. Introduction price, 50 cents. 



This little work is designed to aid in the formation of char- 
acter. It treats of duties to one's self, of duties to others, and 
of helps and hindrances in right doing. It seeks to do this 
not by commonplace moralizing, but by stimulating the thought 
and imagination. It may be used by pupils twelve years old 
and upwards. Where children are too young to use the book 
themselves, it will serve as a great aid to the teacher by sug- 
gesting a systematic and logical line of work, and the subject 
matter will furnish excellent material for each lesson. The 
style is simple and conversational, without being in the least 
childish, and many interesting little stories are introduced. 

The Nation, Ne%u York : Now comes another manual designed for use 
in the moral education of children, in many respects the best of them all. 
. . . The whole makes a book deserving of praise and use. 

Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., Boston: Mr. Everett has most happily accom- 
plished his purpose. The style is easy and simple, the analysis sufficiently 
complete, and the principles are unfolded in a natural and orderly manner. 
I can heartily commend the volume to all young people. 

Professor Albert S. Cook, Yale University: Professor Everett's 
Ethics for Young People ought to be a very useful book. It contains the 
essentials of ethics, without invading the field of religion. The language 
is simple, but not childish, and familiar illustrations and anecdotes enliven 
the pages. The system of paragraphing employed, and the judicious use 
of italics, enable the drift of a chapter to be readily caught. Appeal is 
frequently made to the noble instincts and traits of right feeling commonly 
displayed by boys and girls, in so far as these are compatible with the 
other principles of a sound morality. Nothing that is taught in the book 
is likely to awaken criticism among the adherents of any religious creed, 
while its precepts, if observed, could not fail to make a new generation 
much better than its predecessor. Not the least of its merits is that it by 
no means supersedes the teacher, but merely traces outlines, which he may 
fill up at his pleasure and according to the specific needs of the pupils 
addressed. 



DUTY: A BOOK FOR SCHOOLS, 

By Rev. JULIUS H. SEELYE, D.D., 

Late President of Amherst College. 



i2mo. Cloth. 71 pages. Introduction price, 30 cents. 



In this little book the author has gone over the whole domain 
of duty — both to one's self and to others — in a way that is 
thorough and at the same time within the comprehension of a 
child. The book is simple without being superficial, compact 
yet comprehensive, and though designed for an early grade 
of school life, can be profitably used with more advanced 
classes. Though a book on ''morals," it places religion as the 
corner-stone. 

The Christian Union, New York : The author's statements are clear, 
simple, and comprehensive. The result is an admirable primer of morals. 

Public Opinion : It is an ideal presentation of moral problems to chil- 
dren. It is clear, it is fresh, it is full of seed-corn. Old and young alike 
will be delighted as they read the volume. 

The Congregationalist : It hardly need be added that the eminent 
author has given his readers the results of years of reflection, observation, 
and experience, expressed so simply and tersely that the real wealth of the 
book hardly appears at first glance. 

The Ledger, Philadelphia : A very short examination of Dr. Seelye's 
book will convince one of the wisdom and liberality with which the topic, 
in all its bearings, is discussed. . . . "Duty" is an admirable exposition 
of the cardinal principles and the chief facts of morals, treated with sound 
common-sense. 

The Herald, Boston : It is so good that it may well be the last of its 
species prepared for schools of the lower grades. . . . The style is not 
only clear, but it is of that easily memorized species at which every writer 
of text-books aims, but which not one in a hundred attains, and here and 
there it is adorned with sayings to become maxims with young students. . . , 
Small although the book is, it is one of the most valuable contributions 
to the work of education ever printed in this country. 



WENTWORTH'S ARITHMETICS. 

Adopted for exclusive use in the State of Washington, and in countless 
dties, towns, and schools. 



MASTERY: their motto. 

LEARN TO DO BY DOING: their meinod. 

PRACTICAL ARITH^/IETICIANS: the result. 

WENTWORTH'S PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. 

By G. A. Wentworth, Professor of Mathematics in PhiMps Exe 
ter Academy, and Miss E. M. Reed, Principal of the Training 
School, Springfield, Mass Profusely illustrated. Introduction 
price, 30 cents , 

In a word, this book — the fruit of the most intelligent and pains- 
taking study, long-continued — is believed to represent the best 
known methods of presenting numbers to primarians, and to pre- 
sent these methods in the most available form. It is commended 
as profoundly philosophical in method, simple and ingenious in 
development, rich and varied in matter, attractive in style, and prac- 
tical in effect. 

It has been carefully and critically examined by myself and my teachers, and in our 
estimation it stands ahead of anything else of the kind that we have found. — Principal 
Campbell, State Normal School Johnson, Ft. 

WENTWORTH»S GRAMMAR SCHOOL ARITHMETIC. 

Illustrated. Introductory price, 65 cents. 
Answers free on teachers' orders. 

Intended to follow the Primary Arithmetic and make with that a 
two-book series for common schools. It is designed to give pupils 
of the grammar school age an intelligent knowledge of the subject 
and a moderate power of independent thought, by training them to 
solve problems by neat and intelligent methods and keeping them 
free from set rules and formulas. It is characterized by accuracy, 
thoroughness, good sense, school-room tact, and practical ingenuity. 

Eminently practical, well graded, and well arranged. ... I consider it the brightest, 
most attractive, most scholarly text-book on this subject that has been issued for years, 
— PRiNaPAL Serviss, Amsterdam^ N.Y. 

In a word, these books represent the Best Methods, made feasible, 
Witk the Best Problems^— ingenious, varied, practical, and abundant 



O-INN d COMPANY, Publishers, 

BosTOHc Kkw Yokk, Cmicago, tisn London. 



WENTWORTH'S ARITHMETICS. 



Crystallized from years of study and experience ; sharp in outline •, 
clear in substance. These books are characterized, like the author^s 
academic text-books, by the closest adaptation to the needs of the 
pupil and the requirements of class-room study. They economize 
time and mental energy, while they secure the most distinct and 
lasting impressions. Note the following testimonials : — 



PEIMAEY AEITHMETIO. 
Warren Holden, Prof. Mathematics, 
Girard College, Philadelphia : I think 
it admirably adapted for the purpose 
intended. 

J. A. Graves, Prin. South Gram- 
mar School, Hartford, Conn. : I am 
glad to find at last a real Primary 
Arithmetic. 

T. M. Balliet, Supt. Schools, Spring- 
field, Mass. : It is based on right prin- 
ciples, and the details are worked out 
with care. 

E. C. Branson, Supt. Schools, Ath- 
ens, Ga. : The best to date in America ; 
and, in fact, the only Primary Arith- 
metic worth putting into the hands of 
pupils at all. 

J, M. Green, Prin. State Normal and 
Model Schools, New Jersey : It is a 
book in which the authors manifest 
what seems to me to be the true un- 
derstanding of what constitutes pri- 
mary work in number. 

S. A. Ellis, Supt. Schools, Rochester, 
N. Y. : The methods followed are ap- 
proved by our best educators. The 
examples are practical and sufficiently 
numerous ; and, in fact, nothing seems 
to have been omitted that would tend 
to give a young pupil a clear and sat- 
isfactory idea of the various processes 
in Arithmetic. 



GEAMMAE SCHOOL AEITHMETIO. 
A. B. Fifield, Prin. Eaton School, 
New Haven, Conn. : It is a model 
text-book. 

John R. Dunlon, Prin. Grammar 

School, Lewiston, Me. : It is an excel- 
lent book. Both its matter and meth- 
ods of treatment are well adapted to 
grammar school needs. 

E. C. Willard, Prin. High School, 

Westerly, R.I. : Nearly every page 
bears the characteristic marks of the 
author, who easily leads to-day in 
mathematical book-making. 

P. T. Bugbee, Prin. Union School, 
Newark, N. Y. : It has stood the test 
of several years with us, and I consider 
it superior to any other Arithmetic of 
grammar grade which I have seen. 

G. S. Albee, Pres. State Normal 
School, Oshkosh, Wis. : The abun- 
dance of concrete problems tending 
to exercise the pupil in more respects 
than in a mere process, is a very com- 
mendable feature. 

Edward Taylor, Supt. Schools, Vin- 
cennes, Ind. : It is sufficient to say 
that we have been using it as the sole 
pupil's text in that grade for five years 
past, and always with entire satisfac- 
tion. 



GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, 

Boston, New York, and Chicago, 



THE NATIONAL MUSIC COURSE 

Aims 

To place vocal music on the same footing as the regular school studies, and 
enable the class teachers to give successful instruction in music, as in geog- 
raphy and arithmetic, under competent direction. 

IX HAS SUCCEHDED 

Fully, as the list of places using it proves. The testimony of teachers, 
superintendents, and musicians is unmistakable evidence of its excellence 
and superiority. 

*' If there is any argument in pure merit, the National should head the list of music 
courses. . , . Very rarely is as much genius, study, and research devoted to the prepara- 
tion of a series of books as has been given by Professor Mason to the National Course. 
The books stand the severest tests of time and use." — T. E. Hazell, Special Teacher 
<if Music, New York City. 



MORE 

THAN 

ANY 

OTHER 



endorsed by wide use and satisfactory results, 
approved by musical authorities here and abroad, 
recommended on a careful examination of its merits, 
enjoyed by the teachers who teach and the children who study it* 



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SOME POINTS OF EXCELLENCE. 

X. It is based on the fundamental principles of education. 

2. It combines the best musical theory with the best methods of teaching, analogous 
to those followed in other branches of school study, particularly the teaching of language. 

3. The instruction is comprehensive and thorough, systematically and progressively 
developed from the lowest grades to the highest, and fitted to the school-room and the 
usual course of study. 

4. The best composers are represented, and the best song-writers. 

5. The music is taking and interesting to children ; it wears well, and does not grow 
le. 

6. The literature is appropriate, dignified, and improving. 

7. It presents the fruit of the best musical study and experience In all countries. 
& It is endorsed by long and wide use, in America and in foreign countries. 

9 It is endorsed by practical teachers of school music, by superintendents, by class 
teachers, and by musical experts. 

10. Those who have most thoroughly studied the System are most firmly convinced ol 
Its excellence and its superiority. 

11. Thoroughly tested under most varied conditions, it is beyond the period ol 
experiment. 

12. It is fresh and abreast of the times, and will always be kept in line with the newest 
approved thought. 

13. It exerts a strong influence toward the good order of the school and the refinement 
of the pupils. 

14. It not only appeals to the musical children, but awakens i nd develops the un 
musical. 

15. It requires but little time, is not expensive, and can certainly be handled by the 
tegular teachers under proper supervision. 

16. Properly taught, it is sure to produce the desired result. 



GINN a COMPANY, Publishers, 

Boston, New York, and Chicago. 



/T\u8i(;al publications. 

Introd. 
Caswell & Ryan : Time and Tune Series. Price 

Book I. The ^olian $0.65 

Book II. The Barcarolle 94 

Coda Supplementary Music for Public Schools. Send 

for Catalogue. 

Eichberg Girls' High School Music Reader 1.25 

New High School Music Reader 94 

High School Music Reader (old edition) 94 

Eichberg & Sharland : Fourth Music Reader (Revised) 94 

Abridged Fourth Music Reader (Revised) 75 

Emerson, Brown & Gay : The Morning Hour 50 

Leib Voices of Children , 40 

Mason New First Reader 25 

New Second Reader 40 

New Third Reader 40 

Independent Reader. 70 

Abridged Independent Reader 60 

National Music Teacher 40 

Hymn and Tune Book for Female Voices 60 

Hymn and Tune Book for Mixed Voices 60 

Independent and Hymn and Tune Book for 

Mixed Voices (combined) 94 

New First, Second, and Third Series of Music 

Charts each 9.00 

Mason & Veazie : New Fourth Music Reader 90 

National Music Course. See Mason, Mason & Veazie, Eichberg, 
Eichberg & Sharland. 

Pease Singing-Book ' .70 

Tilden Common School Song Reader 36 

Common School Chart 5.00 

Handbook of First-Year Lessons 10 

Veazie Music Primer 05 

Four-Part Song Reader 40 

Young Institute Song Collection 10 

Zuchtmann & Kirtland : Choral Book 60 



GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, 

Boston, New York, & Chicago. 



MUSIC 



is fast coming to rank, as it did of old, with the most valued 
branches of instruction. Its power of appeal to the sensibili- 
ties, and, through them, its intimate relation to culture and 
character, — which are the essential basis of the National 
Music Course, — make it both the most necessary and the 
most delightful complement of the purely intellectual studies, 
while it has itself no slight effect in disciplining the intellect. 

The needs of graded schools have long been provided for, 
but the ungraded schools have been condemned to desultory 
singing and poor music, or no music at all. 

TILDEN'S 

COMMON SCHOOL 

SONG READER 

and the accompanying Chart remove the difficulty, and are 
strongly commended to the attention of all connected with 
country schools. 

The opinion of the press is voiced in the following, from 

The New England Journal of Education : — 

"This book is the best recognition we remember to have 
seen of the special need of the ungraded school. The author 
is not only a skilful teacher of music, but much of his life has 
been devoted to teaching music to those who were to teach in 
ungraded schools. He has not only recognized the difference 
between the two classes of schools, but has recognized that 
the difference is one of degree rather than quality. He sees 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Our World Reader, No. 7. 

First Lessons in Geography, being a revised edition of Our World No. 1. 
With new Maps and Illustrations. By Mary L. Hall. 12mo. Cloth, 
viii + 2()8 pages. Mailing price, 60 cents ; for introduction, 50 cents. 

ATO book relating to this interesting branch of study has been 
more widely used, or read with more absorbing interest by 
children, than Our World No. 1, which for many years has been 
a standard text-book, or supplementary reader, in public and 
private schools. 

The book, with some necessary changes, and with important 
additions, is now issued as a supplementary reader for primary 
schools. 

The charm of the book is not only its simplicity of style and 
vividi)ess of description, but also its seizing upon broad and gen- 
eral characteristics in its treatment of the subject. Confusing 
details are therefore avoided, the design being, not so nuich to 
impart a knowledge of mere facts as to present, in clearest out- 
line, pictures of the earth as " the home of man." 

In brief. Our World Reader No. 1, is 

1. A book of proved attractiveness for young readers. 

2. A book that helps the regular school work. 

3. A book that imparts the sort of information about our world 
which every intelligent person would and should possess. 

4. A book in accord with the most approved principles of 
education. 

A book full, from beginning to end, of the germs of valuable 
ideas. 

6. A book that illustrates a sensible method of teaching geog- 
raphy, and that will be welcomed by many as the best priniai y 
text-book on the subject. 



V. G. Curtis. S^qjt. of Pub. Schools, 
Winona, Mmn. : We have used the 
old edition in the schools of this city 
as a supplementary reading-book for 
some time, and I am sure that in its 
new and attractive form it will be 
still more highly valued for that pur- 
pose than before. I shall take great 
pleasure in introducing this charm- 



ing new edition into the schools under 
my supervision. 

E. C. Sabin, Sapt. of Pub. Schools, 
Portland, Oregon: It is a beautiful 
and most desirable book. Miss Hall's 
first book did incalculable good to 
the proper method of teaching geog- 
raphy, and this form will extend its 
good intluence. 



HISTORY. 



W ashington and His Country. 

By Washington Irving and John Fiske. G54 pages, including 13 maps. 
12mo. Cloth: Mailini; price, $;i. 10; for introduction, $11.0(). Boards: 85 
and 75 cents. QUESTIONS have been prepared to facilitate the use of 
the work as a text-book of United States history. Paper. 88 pages. 
Introduction price, 15 cents. 

fPHIS consists of Irving's Life of Washington, judiciously abridged 
-^ by John Fiske, and supplemented with an Introduction and a 
Continuation by Mr. Fiske that make tlie work in effect a His- 
tory of the United States. It is anticipated that this History 
will be cordially welcomed and will exert a great influence upon 
present methods and courses of study. It will be found to com- 
bine many peculiar excellences. 

1. History is taught through biography. This secures the great- 
est interest, unity, and clearness, and, at the same time, the greatest 
moral value. 

2. The history is presented in a readable outline. The salient 
points are fully and vividly set forth, and cannot fail to impress 
the memory and the imagination. 

3. The pupil has before him in this book the thought and lan- 
guage of an acknowledged master of English. 

4. The abridging and the supplementing have been done by one 
exceptionally competent. The Introduction and the Continuation 
are masterly sketches, unequalled by anything hitherto published. 

Thus, while acquiring a knowledge of facts and events, the pupil 
is gaining a love for history and literature, moulding his diction by 
a classic author, and ennobling his character by contemplating one 
of the grandest types of humanity. There will be less of mechani- 
3al study and more of the real, less committing to memory of 
trivial facts, and a firmer grasp of the important ones. 



W. E. Buck, Snpt. of Schools, 
Marichester, N.H. : I cannot think 
of another book so desirable for col- 
lateral reading by pupils studying 
history in the common schools. 

E. H. Eussell, Prin. of Normal 
School, Worcester, Mass, : I have 
ordered a supply for class use. It 
seems to me the most noteworthy 
book that has appeared iu this field 



for years. I recommend it right and 
left without reserve. 

Thomas M. Balliet, Supt. of 
Schools, SprinufieM, Mass. : It can 
be used as a text-book on U. S. 
History; and as a book for supple- 
mentary reading on the subject, I 
don't know of anything else equal 
to it. 
{Jan, 20, 1888.) 



MONTGOMERY'S 

Histories of England and France are said by all to be, in 
their departments, unequalled in scholarship, in true historic 
insight and temper, in interest and class-room availability. 
They are admittedly the 

LEADING 

text-books on their subjects. Their popularity and wide use 
have been duly proportionate to their merits. Hundreds of 
schools have introduced them, and all report the greatest 
satisfaction. These 

FACTS 

led every one to expect a great deal of the author's History 
of the United States. No one has been disappointed. The 
attractive and enduring qualities of the other books are here 
found in even higher degree. Not the least 

OF 

these are the numberless incidental touches of thought, tact, 
or feeling that illuminate the narrative, and both stimulate 
and satisfy the reader's interest, — one result of the author's 
mastery of his subject. As one would infer, the author is 
thoroughly 

AMERICAN 

in his sympathies and feelings, — too American, in fact, to 
be sectarian, partisan, local, or narrow, — and so we find 
remarkable life and breadth, as well as insight and instruc- 
tion, in this book. What we have is, in short, a 

HISTORY 

of the American people, of its development in all depart- 
ments of activity, with both the causes and the results of 
great movements distinctly traced: a vivid and attractive 
panorama of the leading facts of our history. 

Introductory Price, $i.oo 

GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, 

BOSTON, NEW YORK, AND CHICAGO. 



BOOKS FULL OF LIFE AND THOUGHT 



WEMTWORTH'5 ARITHMETICS 

Tijeir ryoUo )3 n^^^sVery, ll^eir ry)e\.lr}od 
is lee^rr^ to do by c3oin_g 

MONTGOMERY'S 4MERIC4N HISTORY 

A paY)oy-am^). of tl^e leacJii?^ facb H^eir C2y.U5es 
s^nd l:f7eir re5alt3 

STICKMEY'S READERS 

Best ip idea and plap.best ip n^al-lrer a^ijd n^c.ke 
hcs\ in iyteresV ai^d results 

CLASSICS FOR CHILDREN 

Cl/oice liters^lrare, judicioas jjoVes. lar^e type, 
firrr; bipclip^, locu pi-ices 

STICKHEY5 WORD BY WORD 

Ar) improved spelling coarse in tcuo numbers. 
con3ervative and original 

ELEMEITRRY LESS0H5 IM EMGLISH 

Dri5]7t, prs^ctic^^vl ^vd irpteresting at 
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T4RBELLS LESSo)l5 in LAnGVAGE 

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